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BUSINESS       = 
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Da;. 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


*•  0.  BAKER 


BUSINESS 

SHORTHAND 

PRESENTING  A  METHOD  QF  SWIFT  WRITING 

FOR  THE  USE  OP 

AMANUENSES  AND  REPORTERS 

IN   ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF 

LINDSLEY'S  TAKIGRAFY 
Arranged  and  Published  by  D  KIMBALL 

Author  and  Publisher  op 

First  Lessons  in  Takigrafy        Popular  Shorthand  in  a  Nctsheli, 

The  Amanuensis  and  Key  Swift  Fonetic  Script  and  Key 

Business  Shorthand  and  Key      Graded  Business  Letters  and  Key 

A  Manual  of  Educational  and  Business  Typewritinu 

Ready  Reference  Helps,  etc. 

Publisher  of 

The  Shorthand  Wkiter  anu  The  Takigrafer,  1874  to  1878  and 

Editor  and  Publisher  op 

The  Shorthand  Writer,  1885  to  1889  and 
Thk  Shorthand  Advocate,  etc. 

DOWNER'S  GROVE,  ILL. 

fifth  edition. 

1908 


:  :  ftSWEtt'S  SH0RTHAHDMHOOl^ 

425  New  Ridg^  Buljdlnf^  .,, 

:\ '  IKANSAS  £>IY,  iJ'O  :*.:  \  v 
•  •  •  •    • .  •«•  *,  .*  •    •  •  •    • 


Copyrighted  in  1898  by  D.   Kimball, 

Under  License  from 

The  Heirs  of  D.   P.   Lindsley,    Author  of  Takigrafy. 


TO  MY  FELLOW  TEACHERS  AND  LEARNERS: 

I'here  is  so  rmich  work  which  must  be  done,  that  all  of  it  should  be 
done  in  the  most  economical  manner.  It  is  to  save  to  the  utmost  degree 
possible,  the  time  and  work  of  Teachers,  Learners  and  Writers,  that 
this  system  of  writing  and  teaching  has  been  faithfidly  worked  mtt 
May  their  use  be  so  effective  as  to  lead  to  still  further  economies  and 
a  more  general  diffusion  of  necessary  and  usefid  knoicledge. 

Faithfully  yours, 

THE  AUTHOR 


>- 


PREFACE. 

The  improved  method  of  teaching  Shorthand  by  furnishing 
progressively  graded  object-lessons  of  convenient  length,  com- 
posed of  correctly  engraved  words,  *frases  and  sentences,  in 
Shorthand,  classified  and  arranged  in  groups  illustrating  the 
principles  of  writing  and  abbreviation,  by  which  there  is  pre- 
sented to  the  learner's  eye  what  he  is  to  do  and  how  he  is  to 
do  it,  and  from  which  he  may  acquire  the  art  in  the  natural 
way  of  learning,  by  imitation,  and  fix  the  principles  in  mind 
by  persistent,  practice  drill  from  dictation,  first  used  by  the 
author  in  lesson  form  in  1883-4  and  published  in  book  form  in 
The  Amanuensis  in  1885,  has  met  with  such  general  and  con- 
tinued favor  from  both  teachers  and  students,  and  produced 
such  wonderful  and  satisfactory  time-  and  labor-saving  results, 
never  before  attained,  that  we  have  been  influenced  to  ar- 
range and  publish  this  new  book  on  the  same  general  plan,  but 
K  dift'ering  somewhat,  and  it  is  believed  for  the  better,  in  mate- 
cc  rial  and  arrangement.  It  is  believed  that  in  this  newer  form 
3  the  advantages  of  the  art  will  be  brought  within  the  reach  of 
a  still  larger  number  of  persons,  facilitating,  as  it  does,  to  a 
greater  extent  its  acquisition  thru  mail  instruction  and  pri- 
vate study. 

We  all  learn  mechanical  operations  more  readily  and  exactly 
by  "seeing  how  it  is  done''  than  in  any  other  way.  In  the  mas- 
tery of  Shorthand  the  mental  process  of  fixing  the  correct 
forms  for  the  words  and  frases  in  the  mind  must  be  supj^le- 
mented  by  the  mechanical  process  of  forming  them  with  pen 
or  pencil.  To  get  the  best  results  the  study  and  practice  must 
be  carried  along  simultaneously;  the  learner  must  think,  speak 
or  hear  the  word,  see  its  form  and  write  it  at  the  same  time. 
This  is  the  method  followed  out  in  this  book.  The  principles 
of  writing  and  abbreviation  are  illustrated  and  taught  by  some 
over  five  thousand  of  the  most  frequently  occurring  words, 
frases  and  sentences  involving  such  principles.     These  well 

*Some  of  the  most  outrageous  and  indefensible,  all  are  indefensible,  violations  of  or- 
thografy  are  changed  for  the  better  thruout  this  book,  in  the  interests  of  economy  and 
good  sense. 


448414 


4  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

mastered  by  thoro  practice  will  give  the  writer  a  working  vo- 
cabulary sufficiently  large  for  ordinary  purposes  and  enable 
him  to  readily  form  from  analogy  such  infrequent  words,  not 
given  in  the  lessons,  as  may  occur  in  his  writing. 

The  learner  is  not  required  to  master  two  or  more  forms  for 
the  same  word,  a  long  form  to  be  afterward  superseded  by  a 
shorter  one.  A  given  word  occurs  but  once  in  the  Lessons,  and 
then  in  the  form  the  writer  is  to  permanently  use  it. 

The  word-signs  are  given,  a  few  with  each  Lesson,  in  the  con- 
nection where  they  naturally  belong,  so  they  will  be  the  more 
readily  understood  and  their  gradual  mastery  not  feel  burden- 
some to  the  learner. 

Accompanying  each  Lesson  is  a  specially  arranged  Writing 
and  Reading  Exercise,  the  sentences  of  which  are  composed 
solely  of  words  already  given  in  the  Lessons,  or  which  may  be 
written  by  the  principles  there  illustrated,  and,  for  the  most 
part,  are  expressions  of  frequent  occurrence  in  business  let- 
ters, papers,  etc.  They  are  extensive  exercises  in  English  as 
it  is  used  in  business,  which  differs  considerably  from  the  lan- 
guage as  taught  in  schools  and  spoken  at  home  by  the  learner, 
but  which  the  writer  must  be  familiar  with  in  order  to  do  work 
intelligently  and  well. 

A  few  specially  shortened  f rases  are  given  with  each  Lesson. 
The  ordinary  frases,  made  by  joining  together  the  associated 
words  without  further  abbreviation  of  form,  will  be  found  scat- 
tered thruout  the  Exercises,  so  the  learner  will  become  famil- 
iar with  their  use  without  special  drill,  thus  economizing  time, 
work  and  space. 

With  this  presentation  of  the  subject  the  learner  is  encour- 
aged by  the  fact  that  he  begins  to  write  and  read  his  Short- 
hand in  the  form  of  words,  frases  and  sentences,  in  and  from 
the  first  day  and  lesson  of  his  study  as  he  will  write  and  read 
it  at  the  end  of  his  course.  This  is  an  important  feature,  not 
possible  with  other  systems  and  methods  of  instruction,  owing 
to  their  complexities,  and  rendered  feasible  here  only  by  the 
simplicity  of  the  system  presented  and  the  direct,  straight- 
forward, common-sense  method  of  furnishing  the  material  for 
instruction  and  practice. 

Concise  Explanations  of  Principles,  in  common  type,  will  be 
found  at  the  beginning  of  each  Lesson.     A  key,  in  common 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  5 

type,  to  the  shorthand  part  of  each  Lesson,  helpful  to  most 
students,  is  given  on  the  page  opposite  the  Lesson. 

The  words  and  f  rases  of  the  Writing"  and  Reading  Exercises 
having  been  already  illustrated  and  explained,  a  key  is  not 
necessary  to  enable  the  attentive  student  to  readily  and  cor- 
rectly read  the  sentences  of  which  they  are  composed.  To 
read  them  without  a  key  will  be  found  to  be  a  healthy,  stimu- 
lating and  interesting  exercise,  and  furnish  a  test  of  the  stu- 
dent's thoroness  in  the  mastery  and  retention  of  the  principles. 

To  the  teacher  the  Lessons  as  given  offer  these  advantages: 

The  certainty  of  furnishing  not  only  the  most  satisfactory 
system  of  swift  writing  to  the  comparatively  few  who  want 
to  make  a  professional  use  of  the  art  for  their  support,  but, 
in  addition,  the  ability  to  offer  an  unequaled  educational  and 
writing  facility  to  every  other  intelligent  person  in  the  com- 
munity who  needs  such  an  aid  in  his  daily  work.  Your  field  is 
vastly  enlarged;  you  have  something  of  value  to  offer  and 
teach  every  person; 

A  method  of  teaching  that  is  time-  and  labor-saving  to  the 
highest  degree,  as  well  as  encouraging  and  satisfactory  to  all 
concerned,  because  substantial  progress  can  be  seen  each  day; 

Entire  relief  from  the  wasteful  and  vexatious  drudgery  of 
correcting  mistakes  in  a  learners  written  exercises.  With 
these  Lessons  the  learner  need  not  make  any  mistakes,  or 
have  any  to  correct — teaching  with  them  is  made  a  pleasure; 

Relieved  of  this  useless  burden  of  correction  of  exercises, 
there  is  practically  no  limit  to  the  size  of  a  class  which  may 
be  expeditiouslj'  and  successfull}-  conducted  by  a  teacher— a 
hundred  may  be  taught  as  effectively  as  five. 

To  the  learner  these  Lessons  insure: 

A  method  of  writing  correct,  rapid  and  legible,  and  uniform 
with  that  of  other  v/riters,  thus  enabling  users  of  the  system 
to  read  the  writing  of  others — a  vitally  important  quality  in 
a  system  of  writing; 

The  entire  saving  of  the  time  and  labor  of  preparing  exer- 
cises for  correction,  delay  involved  in  making  corrections  and 
the  subsequent  substitution  of  correct  forms  from  the  cor- 
rected exercise — all  a  mass  of  vexatious  and  needless  work. 
With  these  Lessons  all  study  and  drill  are  put  upon  the  mas- 
tery of  words,  f rases  and  sentences  in  their  correct  form,  and 


6  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

as  they  will  be  permanently  used.  The  learner  is  shown  just 
what  to  do  and  how  to  do  it,  hence  time  and  labor  are  econo- 
mized and  utilized  to  the  fullest  extent; 

The  certainty  of  being^  able  to  fit  oneself  to  do  the  highest 
grade  of  shorthand  work  with  the  expenditure  of  but  a  frac- 
tion of  the  time  and  labor  necessary  to  reach  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  efficiency  in  other  systems  or  with  other  methods  of 
instruction; 

The  certainty  that  time,  labor  and  money  will  not  be  thrown 
away  upon  the  study  for  lack  of  ability  to  learn  and  use  it;  for 
if  a  professional  use  is  not  made  of  it,  it  may  be  used  advan- 
tageously in  the  private  and  social  business  of  the  writer. 
There  is  no  chance  for  failure  or  loss  with  this  system. 

Upon  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Powell,  an  experienced 
teacher  of  Kansas  City,  a  series  of  Supplementary  Exercises 
have  been  added,  commencing  on  pag'e  5i5  and  continuing  to 
page  153.  The  words  in  these  Exercises  are  arranged  under 
the  various  principles  of  writing  and  abbreviation  and  add 
some  5,000  words  to  the  student's  vocabulary.  The  Exercises 
should  be  prepared  as  directed  on  page  55,  paragraf  1.  The 
best  time  to  take  up  these  Exercises  is  on  the  lirst  general  re- 
view of  the  Lessons,  and  with  some  students  it  may  be  better 
to  divide  the  Exercises,  writing  up  half  of  each  Exercise  on 
the  first  and  half  on  the  second  review  of  the  Lessons. 

The  preparation  of  these  Exercises  gives  the  student  a  chance 
to  exercise  his  skill  in  the  construction  of  word-forms  and  cul- 
tivate his  self-reliance;  it  also  furnishes  a  test  of  the  thoro- 
ness  with  which  the  principles  have  been  mastered  and  affords 
the  teacher  a  chance  to  explain  and  illustrate  more  fully  such 
principles  as  seem  to  be  imperfectly  understood. 

This  arrangement  also  permits  of  dividing  the  instruction 
into  a  short  course  covering  the  thirty  Shorthand  Lessons  and 
accompanying  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises,  about  5,000 
words  and  frases,  sufficient  for  ordinary  amanuensis  work,  and 
which  may  be  preferred  by  some  because  of  the  comparatively 
short  time  necessary  for  its  acquisition,  and  a  long  course  cov- 
ering all  the  instruction  and  practice  in  the  short  course  with 
the  Supplementary  Exercises,  about  5,000  words,  added.  This 
furnishes  a  basis  sufficiently  broad,  with  the  few  special  words 
and  frases  required,  for  any  kind  of  amanuensis  or  reportorial 
work. 


CONTENTS. 

Pages. 

Preface 3      to  6 

General  Directions  for  Study  and  Practice  with 

Alfabet  and  instructions  for  learning  it  ....   9      to  26 
Lesson  1,  words  of  one  consonant  followed  by  a 

vowel,  also  giving  the  character  for  wh  {htc)    27     to  30 
Lesson  2,  words  commencing  with  a  vowel  followed 

by  a  consonant,  also  the  circle  for  s  and  z  ...  31  to  34 
Lesson  3,  e  as  in  key  and  i  as  in  jyin  between  conso- 
nants, also  rules  for  writing  disjoined  vowels  35  to  38 
Lesson  4,  a  in  game  and  e  in  pen  between  consonants  39  to  42 
Lesson  5,  a  in  jycirk  and  a  in  cap  between  consonants  43  to  46 
Lesson  6,  o  in  home  and  u  in  cup  ^between  consonants  47  to  50 
Lesson  7,  oo  in  boom,  oo  in  coot,  a  in  tall  and  o  in  hot 

between  consonants 51    to  54 

Lesson  8,  i  in  like,  ew  in  few,  oi  in  toil  and  o^c  in  town 

between  consonants,  also  Supplement'y  Ex.  1  55 
Lesson  9.  r-hodk  series,  " 

Lesson  10,      "        "    continued. 
Lesson  11,  l-hook  series. 
Lesson  12,      '•  "    continued, 

Lesson  "13,  s  series  consonant  difth's 
Lesson  14,  circle  for  s  and  z  bet'n  consonants, 
Lesson  15,      " 
Lesson  16,  the  consonant  trif thongs  ffpr,  scr  and 

str,  loop  for  kst  and  circle  in  hooks,  ''    9  87     to  90 

Lesson  17,  circle  in  vowels,  double  circle  and 


1  55 

to  58 

2  59 

to  62 

3  63 

to  66 

4  67 

to  70 

5  71 

to  74 

6  75 

to  78 

7  79 

to  82 

883 

to  86 

final  circle  for  ?jce,  ness, 

"  10  91     to  94 

Lesson  18,  halved  consonants  implying 

t,             "  11  95     to  98 

Lesson  19. 

cont'd    "  12  99     to  102 

Lesson  20, 

a,            "  13  103  to  106 

Lesson  21,         "        hooked  consfs  '• 

nd,  nt,    "  14  107  to  110 

Lesson  22,  double  length         "        " 

tr,  dr,     "  15  111  to  114 

(7) 

8 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


Lesson  23,  n,  une,  one  hooks,  shaded  wiorwrd,  Ex.  16  115  to  Hi 
Lesson  24,  brief  methods  of  writing  dw,  ttc,  vj, 

qu(kw)qur,  qui,  prf  and  prv,  "  17  119  to  121 

Lesson  25,  the  prefixes  cam,  con,  magni,  magna,  "  18  123  to  126 
Lesson  26,  "  "  im,  in,  ad  and  trans,  "  19  127  to  130 
Lesson  27  shows  how  to  write  the  affix  atioti,  "  20  131  to  134 
Lesson  28  shows  how  to  write  other  words  end- 
ing with  shn,  kshn,  hility  and  ship,  "  21 135  to  138 
Lesson  29,  names  of  Towns  and  Cities,  "  22  139  to  142 
Lesson  30,  names  of  days  and  months,  of  States 

and  Countries  and  of  Ex.  and  R.  R.  Co's,  "  23  143  to  146 

Supplementary  Exercise  24  147 

"  "  25  149 

"  "  26  151 

"  "  27  153 

Writing  and  Reading  Exercise  31  148 

"  "  "        32  150 

"  "  "         33  152 

"  "  "         34  154 

Banking  Letters  155 

Wholesale  Hardware  Letters  156 

'*        Grocery  "         157 

General  Freight  Office  Letters  158 

"      Passenger"  "        169 


AMERICAN  'rS.\Vn\\\'  SHORTHAND. 


{LiKOsurs  Tiiiemrr.) 


CL'CD  .0'«- /*-»•>  «it/  Or  Z^" 


a»rf»IH<  UM.  h  D.  <teML 


OENEBAI.  DIBECTIONS  FOB  STUDY  AND  PRACTICE. 

1.  Materials  required.  No  special  materials  are  required  by 
the  learner  or  writer  of  Business  Shorthand.  The  best  in- 
strument with  which  to  write  Shorthand  is  a  good,  elastic,  fine- 
pointed  pen,  either  steel  or  g"old,  as  best  suits  the  hand  of  the 
writer.  If  a  suitable  fountain  pen  can  be  obtained  it  will  ob- 
viate the  trouble  and  waste  of  time  in  dipping  for  ink.  Free- 
flowing,  non-corrosive  ink  should  be  used.  A  worn-out,  type- 
writer ribbon  put  in  water  will  make  good  ink  for  this  purpose. 
Paper  for  pen  writing  should  be  of  fair  quality,  well  calen- 
dered, cut  to  convenient  size  and  put  up  in  blocks.  If  a  pen- 
cil is  used  in  practice  and  writing,  it  should  be  of  medium 
hardness  and  of  good  quality.  The  pencil  need  not  be  sharp- 
ened to  a  fine  point.  The  whole  of  the  lead  may  be  used  if, 
when  it  becomes  worn  too  broad,  the  pencil  is  slightly  turned 
so  as  to  bring  to  the  paper  the  sharp  edge  between  the  flat, 
worn  surface  and  the  natural  curved  one.  A  soft  pencil  re- 
quires hard  paper,  a  hard  pencil  a  soft,  uncalendered  paper. 
Good  work  depends  much  upon  good  materials  and  the  proper 
adaptation  of  pencil  and  paper.  The  paper  may  be  ruled  or 
unruled,  according  to  the  preference  of  the  writer.  The  leg- 
ibility of  the  writing  does  not  depend  upon  position  with  ref- 
erence to  a  line.  Upon  commencing  work  the  ordinary,  re- 
porters note-books  will  be  found  most  convenient. 

2.  Position  for  writing.  An  easy,  unconstrained  position, 
erect  and  with  the  right  side  turned  toward  the  desk  or  table, 
so  that  the  right  arm  may  rest  easily  upon  it,  is  best.  Do  not 
lean  any  of  the  weight  of  the  body  upon  the  writing  arm  or 
against  the  table. 

3.  How  to  use  the  hand.  The  hand  should  assume  its  easiest 
position  on  the  table,  the  position  it  would  take  naturally  if 
dropped  upon  the  table  in  a  moment  of  rest,  without  thot  or 
restraint,  the  knuckle  of  the  fore-finger  uppermost,  the  third 
and  fourth  fingers  curved  under  the  palm  to  form  an  elastic 
support  to  the  hand  and  steady  its  movement  across  the  paper. 
The  wrist  should  be  slightly  raised,  so  that  the  hand  may  move 


10 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


freely.    The  pen  or  pencil  should  be  lightly  grasped  between 
the  first  and  second  fingers  and  thumb,  as  shown  in  the  cut. 


PROPER  POSITION  OP  HAND  AND  PEN. 

The  pen-holder  should  point  well  to  the  right  and  the  pen 
be  so  held  that  its  points  will  press  evenly  upon  the  paper. 
That  position  is  correct  which  will  admit  of  making  the  letters 
I  ^^  ,^^_  without  turning  the  pen  between  the  fingers. 
There  should  be  little  or  no  movement  of  the  fingers  or  wrist 
in  writing;  and  the  hand  must  be  trained  to  run  very  lightly, 
the  pen  just  touching  the  paper  to  form  the  light  lines  and 
only  a  slight  pressure  given  to  form  the  shaded  letters. 

4.  The  use  of  the  arm.  The  entire  w^eight  of  the  arm  should 
rest  on  the  table  upon  the  full,  muscular  part  near  the  elbow,- 
in  such  a  way  as  to  allow  of  an  easy,  rolling  motion,  and  serve 
as  a  pivot  from  which  the  hand  may  easily  sweep  the  full 
length  of  a  line  across  the  page  without  raising  the  arm  or 
sliding  or  hitching  it  along  on  the  table.  Avoid  writing  with 
the  hand  and  arm  near  the  body,  the  elbow  at  an  acute  angle. 
Such  a  position  is  too  constrained  for  an  easy,  rapid  move- 
ment of  the  hand.  Let  the  arm  be  away  from  the  body,  the 
elbow  well  open  and  at  an  obtuse  angle,  so  that  the  movement 
may  be  free  and  unobstructed.  The  propelling  force  used  in 
writing  should  come  entirely  from  the  large,  strong  muscles 
above  the  elbow,  which  can  stand  the  strain  of  long  writing 
without  fatigue.  A  free,  confident,  dashing  movement  must 
be  cultivated;  at  the  same  time  the  arm  and  hand  must  be 


BUSINESS  SHOBTHAND  11 

kept  closely  and  rig^idly  under  control  of  the  will  and  made  to 
do  their  work  i)roperly. 

5.  Consonants.  The  twenty-four  consonant  letters  given  in 
the  Alfabet,  represent  the  elementary  sounds  of  the  languag'e 
which  require  some  movement  or  contact  of  the  vocal  organs 
to  utter  them.  For  the  most  part  they  are  sounds  which  can 
not  be  heard  at  a  distance,  have  not  much  volume  or  strength 
in  their  utterance,  and  still  are  to  words  what  the  bones  are 
to  the  body — they  form  the  frame-work,  the  skeletons  of  the 
words. 

6.  Three  important  distinctions  must  be  observed  in  making 
the  consonant  letters: 

SHAPE— making  the  letters  straight,  curved  or  hooked; 
SHADING—making  the  letters  light  or  heavy,  and 
DIRECTION — making  the  letters  perpendicular,  inclined  or 
horizontal. 

7.  The  di£ference  in  shading^  of  the  consonant  letters  and 
their  arrangement  in  pairs  and  groups  in  the  Alfabet,  illus- 
trate important  fonetic  features  of  the  language.  By  pro- 
nouncing any  two  of  the  words  illustrating  the  paired  conso- 
nant sounds  (except  n-ng)  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  move- 
ment of  the  vocal  organs  is  precisely  the  same  with  both,  the 
only  difference  between  them  being  the  degree  of  emfasis  or 
stress  with  which  the  sounds  are  spoken.  They  are  really  not 
two  sounds  but  varieties  of  the  same  sound.  Obviously  it  is 
natural  and  proper  that  the  letters  which  represent  these 
paired  sounds  should  differ  to  the  eye  as  the  sounds  they  rep- 
resent differ  to  the  ear;  so  the  whispered  sound  is  represented 
by  a  light-line  letter,  the  spoken  sound  by  a  letter  of  the  same 
shape  and  direction,  but  shaded  to  express  to  the  eye  the  em- 
fasis used  in  speaking  the  sound  it  represents. 

8.  The  first  six  straight  letters  represent  sounds  which  are 
abrupt,  that  can  not  be  prolonged  in  speaking;  the  curved  let- 
ters represent  sounds  which  are  more  flexible  and  capable  of 
some  prolongation,  while  the  hooked  letters  (except./  and  ch) 
represent  unpaired,  semi-vocal,  consonant  sounds. 

9.  The  movement  which  makes  the  perpendicular  letters  is 
the  most  wasteful  and  difficult.  In  this  Alfabet  the  least  fre- 
quently occurring  sounds  are  assigned  to  letters  in  this  direc- 
tion.    The  movements  which  make  the  inclined  and  horizon- 


IS  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

tal  letters  axe  the  easier  ones  and  the  least  wasteful,  they  be- 
ing in  the  direction  the  hand  must  move  in  writing  a  line  from 
left  to  right  across  the  page,  and  in  this  direction  will  be  found 
all  the  letters  representing  the  most  frequently  occurring, 
consonant  sounds.  The  result  is  an  easily  executed,  running 
script  which  follows  the  line  as  closely  as  the  common  long- 
hand, and  has  the  least  possible  waste  movement  in  its  execu- 
tion. This  means  for  the  user  of  the  system  the  least  labor 
and  utmost  economy  in  learning  and  writing,  and,  as  a  neces- 
sary consequence,  the  highest  speed.  In  this  Alfabet  all  the 
simple,  elementary  sounds  of  the  language  are  represented  by 
the  simplest  straight  lines  and  curves,  so  that  a  single  impulse 
of  the  voice  is  recorded  by  a  single  movement  of  the  hand. 

10.  Vowels.  These  letters  represent  the  sounds  produced  by 
the  unobstructed  voice,  without  movement  or  contact  of  the 
vocal  organs.  The  long  vowel  sounds  are  the  principal  ones 
used  in  singing,  speaking  to  a  person  at  a  distance  and  in  pro- 
longing or  modifying  the  voice.  The  short  vowels  are  little, 
forcible  explosions  of  sound;  they  can  not  be  lengthened  or 
otherwise  modified,  any  attempt  to  do  this  merges  them  into 
other  sounds.  The  dif  thongs  are  composed  of  a  long,  elemen- 
tary vowel  sound,  followed  by  a  short  one,  spoken  quickly  and 
uninterruptedly  together.  Because  of  their  frequency,  let- 
ters, separate  and  distinctive  in  form,  are  used  to  represent 
the  double  sounds  instead  of  using  the  two  simple  letters.  In 
rapid  conversation  the  long  vowels  merge  toward  if  not  act- 
ually into  the  shorter  sounds,  while  in  very  slow  speech  the 
short  vowels  merge  toward  or  change  into  the  long  sounds. 
Vowels  are  the  elastic  property  of  speech;  they  are  to  words 
what  the  flesh  is  to  the  body,  they  clothe,  round  out  and  give 
form  and  volume  to  them,  and  furnish  means  of  distinction  to 
the  consonant  skeletons,  thus  forming  the  perfect  word. 

11.  In  this  system  the  vowels  are  all  distinguished  by  form 
and  may  be  joined  to  the  consonants  and  to  each  other,  so 
that  the  letters  of  a  word  are  written  connectedly  and  contin- 
uously in  their  natural  order,  as  the  sounds  are  spoken;  thus 
avoiding  the  double  analysis  of  words,  once  for  consonants  and 
once  for  vowels,  and  the  slow  accompanying  process  of  writ- 
ing them  in  several  pieces,  necessary  in  writing  disjoined- 
vowel,  'position''  systems,  if  the  words  are  fully  written,  as 
each  must  be  to  be  absolutely  legible  by  itself. 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  13 

12.  How  to  learn  the  Alfabet.  The  sound  of  the  shorthand 
letter  is  shown  by  the  heavy-faced  letter  or  letters  in  the  "key 
word"  opposite  such  shorthand  letter  in  the  Alfabet.  Care- 
fully analyze  these  key  words  by  pronouncing'  them  so  slowly 
that  you  are  able  to  separate  and  distinguish  the  sounds.  Se- 
lect the  sound  represented  by  the  letter  under  consideration 
and  pronounce  it  over  and  over  until  it  is  clearly  understood 
and  readily  distinguished  from  other  sounds.  When  you  have 
mastered  the  sounds  in  this  way,  take  up  the  letters  represent- 
ing^ them,  one  by  one,  in  pairs  and  in  groups  of  four  and  six, 
and  write  them  over  and  over  hundreds  of  times,  if  necessary, 
to  thoroly  commit  them  to  memory.  Think  or  speak  the  sound 
as  you  make  the  letter,  so  as  to  fix  and  ally  together  in  your 
mind  the  sound,  the  letter  representing  the  sound  and  the 
movement  that  makes  the  letter.  Be  careful  to  observe  the 
SHAPE,  SHADING  and  DIRECTION  of  the  letters.  Control  your 
hand  by  your  will  and  train  it  to  exactness  in  these  matters. 
Do  not  draw  the  letters  slowly  or  permit  pen  or  pencil  to  come 
to  a  full  stop  on  the  paper  at  the  end  of  a  letter.  If  this  is 
done  the  practice  degenerates  into  a  succession  of  starts  and 
stops,  a  very  fatiguing  and  discouraging  operation.  Keep  the 
pen  moving,  is  the  true  doctrine.  This  is  best  done  by  the  so- 
called  "'muscular  movement"  of  the  arm,  the  same  as  is  used 
by  the  best  longhand  writers,  as  easy,  confident  and  swinging 
a  use  of  the  hand  in  writing  as  in  any  other  manual  work,  but 
the  hand  must  be  kept  well  under  control  lest  this  free  move- 
ment results  in  making  the  letters  too  large.  The  use  of  this 
free  movement  not  only  gives  greater  ease  and  speed  in  writ- 
ing but  prevents  "steel-pen  paralysis."  At  the  end  of  the 
straight  letters,  h  and  p,  the  pen  should  leave  the  paper  with 
a  slight  thrust  against  the  muscle  of  the  arm,  the  recoil  of 
which  starts  the  next  letter,  a  little  added  impulse  finishes  the 
letter  and  supplies  the  needed  impetus  for  the  second  thrust 
and  recoil,  and  so  on.  The  inclined  and  horizontal  straight 
letters  are  made  with  a  swinging,  easy  motion  to  the  right 
with  only  a  slight  break,  no  stop,  of  movement  between  them. 
The  curved  letters  are  small  sections  of  an  ellipse,  the  line 
being  curved  just  enuf  to  distinguish  it  from  a  straight  line. 
In  making  the  curved  letters  the  movement  should  be  the  same 
that  is  used  by  the  writer  of  longhand  when  striking  an  oval 


U  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

and  making  the  pen  follow  the  same  oval  in  succeeding  move- 
ments, as  in  making-  "birds-nests."  If  the  letters  are  made 
separately,  let  the  pen  be  moving  when  it  touches  the  paper 
at  the  beginning  of  the  letter,  moving  when  it  leaves  the  pa- 
per at  the  finish  of  the  letter,  continuing  around  the  oval  off 
the  paper  to  the  commencement  of  the  next  letter,  and  so  on. 
A  slight  pressure  as  the  pen  goes  toward  the  middle  of  the 
curve  and  a  lightening  of  the  pressure  as  the  pen  goes  toward 
the  finish,  will  form  all  the  shading  needed  for  the  shaded 
curves.  Care  should  be  taken  in  forming  these  curved  letters 
that  the  pen  should  touch  and  leave  the  paper  at  the  proper 
time,  so  the  direction  will  be  such  that  a  straight  line  drawn 
from  point  to  point  of  the  curve  shall  show  the  proper  per- 
pendicular, inclined  or  horizontal  direction  of  the  curve. 
The  curve-movement  in  the  direction  the  hands  of  a.  clock 
move,  forms  ve,  ef,  ze,  es,  THE,  ith,  ma  and  el,  while  the  reverse 
movement  forms  zhe,  ish,  THA,  tha,  en,  ing,  la,  em  and  ya. 
These  two  movements  form  all  the  curved  letters.  When 
practicing  upon  the  perpendicular  curves,  ve,  ef,  zhe  and  ish, 
two  or  three  may  be  joined  together  if  desired;  three  are  as 
many  as  can  be  conveniently  joined  together  in  a  perpendic- 
ular direction.  The  inclined  and  horizontal  curves,  having 
the  forward  direction,  should  be  joined  together  in  an  unbro- 
ken line  across  the  page.  The  movement  which  does  this  is 
easier  and  more  natural,  the  hand  becomes  accustomed  to 
joining  letters,  as  it  must  in  writing  words  and  f  rases,  is  more 
easily  controlled  and  there  is  no  waste  movement. 

13.  The  learner  will  probably  find  the  most  difficulty  in  mak- 
ing the  hooked  letters,  for  the  reason  that  his  hand  being  ad- 
justed to  longhand,  which  is  coarse  in  comparison,  there  will 
be  an  instinctive  feeling  while  the  shorthand  letter  is  being 
made  that  there  is  not  enuf  work  being  done  to  make  a  letter, 
and  this  feeling  will  take  the  form  of  making  the  letters  too 
large.  The  mind  and  hand  must  be  re-adjusted  to  the  small 
amount  of  movement  necessary  to  write  letters  and  words  in 
this  way.  What  is  saved  from  size  and  complexity  of  letters 
should  be  utilized,  with  accuracy  and  celerity  of  movement, 
in  work  that  is  useful.  The  hook  of  the  letter  should  be  made 
very  small,  a  movement  just  perceptible  to  the  most  delicate 
touch  is  sufficient  to  form  it,  and  the  stem  of  the  letters  should 
be  made  down  as  near  the  horizontal  as  possible  and  not  be 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAXD.  15 

mistaken  for  horizontal  characters.  A  very  small  hook  fol- 
lowed by  a  slijrht  curve  forms  the  ya.  A  reciprocating  move- 
ment forms  the  tea.  It  is  best  acquired  by  joining  several  of 
the  letters  together,  coming  back  on  the  stem  of  the  first  to 
form  the  hook  of  the  second.  The  offset  to  form  the  hook  is 
very  slight,  and  the  hand  should  be  held  under  strict  control  to 
make  the  stem  straight.  In  forming  the  ha,  let  the  first  part 
of  the  hook  be  made  with  a  backward  (to  the  left)  movement, 
parallel  to  the  line  of  writing* or  a  little  inclined  upward;  the 
stem  of  the  letter  should  be  made  straight  and  down  near  the 
horizontal.  The  best  practice  in  learning  to  make  the  letter 
is  to  join  several  together,  forming  the  hook  of  the  second  by 
retracing  on,  followed  by  a  slightly  curved  offset  from,  the 
stem  of  the  first.  The  movements  which  form  the  j«  and  cha 
need  no  explanation;  a  careful  inspection  of  the  forms  of  the 
letters  will  at  once  suggest  the  movements  which  most  read- 
ily form  them. 

14.  How  letters  are  joined.  Be,  pe,  ga,  ka,  de  and  te  are  doub- 
led by  making  the  characters  twice  the  length  of  the  single 
letters.  When  so  doubled  the  first  half  of  be,  pe,  ga  and  ka  are 
written  above  the  line,  the  second  half  a  continuation  of  the 
character  below  the  line  The  letters  ra-ra,  wa-ra  and  ha-ra, 
joined,  commence  on  the  line  and  are  written  wholly  above  it. 
When  a  shaded,  straight  consonant  is  to  be  joined  to  a  light, 
straight  consonant  in  the  same  direction,  as  be-pe,  ga-ka,  de-te, 
begin  the  character  with  sufficient  pressure  to  make  the  re- 
quired shade,  gradually  lessen  the  pressure  as  the  movement 
progresses,  and  let  the  elasticity  of  the  pen  form  the  tapering 
line  needed.  Do  not  allow  the  pen  to  stop  on  the  paper  at  the 
finish  of  the  light  stroke,  but  quickly  raise  and  carry  it  for- 
ward to  the  next  letter.  When  a  light,  straight  letter  is  to 
be  followed  by  a  shaded,  straight  letter  in  the  same  direction, 
as  pe-be,  ka-ga.  te-df,  cha-de,  let  the  pen  be  moving  swiftly  when 
it  touches  the  paper,  gradually  increase  the  pressure  to  form 
the  tapering  line  and  finish  up  the  shaded  stroke  with  the  pen 
on  the  paper.  Where  two  letters,  either  two  straight  lines, 
a  straight  line  and  a  curve,  or  two  curves,  join  without  an  an- 
gle, no  pause  should  be  made  between  them;  both  letters 
should  be  made  as  one  stroke  and  as  swiftly  as  possible.  Be- 
tween straight  lines  that  join  at  an  angle,  acute  angles  are 
easiest  made,  then  right  and  lastly  obtuse.  Joinings  between 
straight  letters  should  be  made  at  acute  angles  when  possible. 


mrSINESS  SHORTHAND. 
ALFABET  OF  TAKIGBAFY. 


Lkttkr.  Name.  Kkv  Word. 

I       be     b  as  in  bib 


CONSONANTS. 

Letter.  Name. 


pe     p 


pip 


Key  Word. 
the    th  as  in  this 
thin 


ga     g      "    gig 
ka     k       '■     kick 


—  de  d 

_ —    te  t 

/     ve  V 

)     ef  f 

V     zhe  s 

V,      ish  Bh 

'— *«^  ze  z 

'"-^  es  s 


did 

tat 

vivid 

fife 

vision 

show 

aigiag 

souse 


ith  th 

em  m. 

en  n 

ing  ng 

el  1 

ra  r 

ya  y 

wa  w 

ha  h 


maim 

'  noon 

'  sing 

'  luU 

'  roar 

'  you 

'  way 

'  hay 


ja      yg    "     judife 
cha    ch      ••     church 


LONG.  Na.me.  Key  Word. 

•^      c         e  as  in  me 


VOWELS. 

SHORT.  Name. 


C     a  a 

O      ah  a 

—     oo  o 

so  o 

/      au  a 


ajre 
fai- 
do 
no 

fall 


Key  Word. 

i-y  as  in  pity 

e 


DIFTHONGS. 


VI         X  as  in  ice 
A      ew     ew  "      dew 


"  beg 

a,  ai  "  at,  air 

—      u        u  full 

'^       u        u  cut 

^       o        o  "  on,  or 

/-'      oi       oi  as  in  oil 


-^      ow     ow 


owl 


Copyrighted  in  1898  by  D.  Kimball. 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  17 

EXPLANATIONS. 

The  letters  THE,  ith,  es,  ze,  o  and  u    \^__   \ o    o    t    \ 

have  alternate  forms,  as  shown  in  cut:  2'HA  tha  es  ze  o  u 
This  choice  in  letters  enables  the  writer  to  make  better  join- 
ings and  more  easily  written  word-forms. 

The  following  letters  are  always  made  downward: 

I     I    -^-.    )    )    (    (    -.-A^^     c     c     .    s 
The  following  letters  are  always  made  from  left  to  right: 


wo—   -VA/'-/ 


These  letters  are  always  made  upward, 
the  hook  made  first* 

These  letters  are  made 
either  upward  or  down-  .  . 

ward,  the  direction  being  ''^'^  /  ^  J  '^^  /  It// 
used  which  will  secure  the  better  angle  or  joining  with  a  pre- 
ceding or  following  letter.  Properly  and  skilfully  used  these 
variable  and  alternate  letters  serve  to  keep  the  writing  near 
the  line,  and  aid  in  furnishing  facile  joinings  between  letters 
and  easily  flowing  outlines  to  words.  When  these  letters  are 
written  downward  the  angle  of  inclination  is  steeper  than 
when  written  upward.  The  hand  takes  this  steeper  direction 
naturally;  no  special  drill  is  required  to  master  it. 

Names  of  letters.  When  speaking  of  a  consonant  letter  a 
vowel  is  usually  associated  with  it  to  form  an  easily  spoken 
syllable-name,  as  shown  in  the  Alfabet  under  "name. "  These 
names  should  not  be  taken  for  the  sounds  of  the  letters;  while 
they  contain  the  sound  of  the  letter  the  associated  vowel  is, 
of  course,  no  part  of  that  sound.  The  sound  of  the  vowel  is 
used  as  its  name  also,  as  it  is  easily  spoken  without  the  assist- 
ance of  any  other  sound. 

When  written  with  the  curve  downward,  the  alternate  char- 
acters for  the.  and  Hh  are  named  THA  and  iha,  as  shown  above, 
as  a  means  of  distinguishing  them  from  the  characters  when 
written  with  the  curve  upward,  which  are  known  by  the  names 
given  in  the  Alfabet.  For  the  same  purpose  em,  el  and  ar  are 
given  these  names  when  written  downward,  and  are  named 
mtt,  la  and  ra  when  written  upward. 


18  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

For  illustrations  of  joining's  of  letters,  in  the  order  mentioned 
in  paragraf  14,  page  15,  see  lines  one  to  seven  of  page  19.  In 
writing,  the  free  use  of  the  joined  vowels  between  consonants 
will  relieve  obtuse  angles  in  nearly  every  instance,  making 
the  writing  easier  of  execution  and  adding  to  its  legibility. 

There  should  be  an  angle  between  two  curves  which  face 
the  same  way,  the  chords  of  which  would,  if  joined,  form  an 
obtuse  angle,  as  shown  in  line  eight,  opposite;  but  where  the 
joining  of  the  chords  of  two  facing  curves  would  form  a  right 
angle  or  less  than  a  right  angle,  there  should  be  no  angle  be- 
tween the  curves,  they  are  both  made  with  one  stroke.  See 
line  four,  opposite  page. 

Between  curves  the  joinings  are  easiest  made  where  both 
curves  face  the  same  way,  that  is,  are  both  made  with  the 
hand  moving-  in  the  same  direction,  as  do  those  illustrated  in 
lines  four,  and  eight  to  twelve  of  opposite  page.  The  least 
facile,  and  the  least  frequent,  arc  the  opposing  curves,  those 
requiring  a  change  in  the  direction  of  the  hand  between  them, 
like  those  illustrated  in  line  thirteen  of  opposite  page  The 
opposing  curves  shown  in  lines  fourteen  and  fifteen,  having 
no  angle  between  them,  are  as  easily  made  as  are  the  facing 
curves.  By  a  proper  use  of  the  variable  letters  the  skillful 
writer  will  secure  facile  forms  in  nearly  every  word. 

15.  How  to  spell,  write  and  read  Business  Sliorth.and.  The 
spelling  of  words  in  Shorthand  is  very  easy:  simply  pronounce 
them  so  slowly  as  to  separate  their  elementary  sounds.  If 
you  can  pronounce  a  word  correctly  you  can  spell  it  correctly. 
For  exercises  in  spelling  take  up  the  simple,  fully  written  words 
in  the  shorthand  part  of  the  Lessons  and  spell  (pronounce) 
them  as  directed  above,  seeing  and  associating  together  the 
sounds  and  the  letters  which  represent  them.  The  process  is 
so  simple  that  a  very  little  practice  will  enable  you  to  spell 
correctly  any  word  you  can  pronounce  correctly.  Pay  no  at- 
tention to  the  letters  used  in  spelling  the  words  in  the  ordin- 
ary dictionary  spellings;  in  them  the  letters  are  used  in  so  ca- 
pricious and  disorderly  a  way  that  no  dependence  can  be  placed 
upon  them  as  a  guide  to  pronunciation.  Having  in  this  sim- 
ple, easy  and  natural  way  arrived  at  the  sounds  in  a  word,  you 
will  find  in  the  Alf  abet  an  appropriate  letter  to  represent  each 
of  these  plainly  spoken,  easily  recognized,  elementary  sounds. 
Join  in  their  proper  order,  as  spelled,  the  letters  representing 


7r 


^ 


Kj, 


^yb       -it,         if 


il- 


m 


-^  — ^—  ^  u 

^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


c  cy  o  ::^  3)  ^  o 


O 


si^  y    -7  ^     /-.  ^    ^    ^   ^ 


o 


so  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

these  sounds,  already  learned  from  the  Alfabet,  and  the  writ- 
ing is  done  according-  to  the  principles  of  the  simple,  fully  writ- 
ten style  of  the  system.  This  is  the  style  of  the  art  from  which 
children  and  others  can  most  readily  learn  the  fonetic  analy- 
sis and  synthesis  of  the  language,  and  acquire  a  correct  pro- 
nunciation of  words,  a  most  important  educational  accom- 
plishment. The  reading  consists  simply  in  speaking  more 
quickly  than  in  spelling,  the  sounds  as  you  see  them  pictured 
by  the  letters  in  the  written  word.  If  the  word  is  fully  and 
properly  written,  the  letters  are  a  sure  guide  to  a  correct 
pronunciation. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  two  great  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  an  easy  and  rapid  acquisition  of  the  English  language — the 
correct  spelling  and  pronunciation  of  words— are  entirely  over 
come,  the  time  and  labor  necessary  to  devote  to  both  are  re- 
duced to  a  minimum,  and  the  whole  process  put  in  so  simple  a 
form  that  a  child  can  easily  comprehend  and  master  it,  and 
that,  too,  in  a  fraction  of  the  time  now  necessarily  devoted 
to  gaining  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  language  in  its  ob- 
scure and  complicated  garb,  as  now  presented,  resulting  in  a 
more  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  spirit  of  the  language, 
a  correctness  in  the  pronunciation  of  words,  a  lightening  of 
the  burden  on  the  memory  and  a  great  saving  of  time  that 
can  be  devoted  to  other  useful  studies  and  pursuits,  now  be- 
yond the  student's  reach  in  the  limited  time  that  can  be  given 
to  school  studies.  It  is  the  easiest,  quickest  and  best  way 
that  a  foreigner  can  correctly  and  thoroly  master  the  language 

16.  How  to  master  the  Lessons.  The  words,  frases  and  sen- 
tences in  the  Lessons  are  formed  with  much  care  and  accu- 
racy. First  read  over  all  the  words  in  the  Lesson;  in  case  oi' 
doubt  as  to  what  the  word  is  prompt  yourself  by  reference  to 
the  key  on  opposite  page,  so  as  to  be  sure  of  the  word  and  not 
waste  time  in  unprofitable  guessing,  but  first  make  an  earnest 
effort  to  read  the  word  without  recourse  to  the  key.  Study 
the  forms  of  the  words,  frases  and  sentences  minutely  and 
carefully  until  every  part  of  them  is  fully  understood  and  an 
accurate  picture  of  them  is  impressed  on  your  mind.  Be  sure 
you  know  just  what  kind  of  movements  make  each  word — 
there  is  a  reason  why  they  are  made  as  they  are;  think  out 
and  understand  this  reason  why. 

With  pen  or  pencil  trace  the  forms  of  the  words,  f rcises  and 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  21 

sentences  thru  a  few  times  slowly  until  the  movement  of  the 

hand  in  makinjf  them  is  well  understood,  then  accelerate  the 
movement  gradually,  crowding  the  speed  to  the  highest  point 
consistent  with  accuracy  of  outline,  until  the  forms  are  well 
mastered.  You  will  know  when  this  point  is  reached,  for  your 
hand  will  then  swiftly  glide  thru  the  forms  without  hesitation 
or  conscious  mental  or  fysical  effort. 

Do  not  allow  yourself  to  form  the  bad  habit  of  drawing  the 
words  or  writing  them  slowly,  except  at  first,  as  directed  above, 
but  accustom  yourself  from  the  first  to  writing  the  words, 
frases  and  sentences  with  the  utmost  swiftness  of  which  you 
are  capable.  Get  upon  the  upper  plain  of  swift  movement  as 
soon  as  possible  and  keep  there.  Keep  constantly  in  view  the 
fact  that  you  must  write  swiftly,  like  a  flash,  to  make  the 
highest  success  with  Shorthand  for  business  purposes.  This 
j'ou  are  aided  to  the  fullest  extent  in  doing  by  being  provided 
in  the  Lessons  and  Exercises  with  the  most  facile  forms  for 
the  writing  you  are  to  do,  and  seeing  constantly  before  you 
just  how  they  are  to  be  written,  so  there  need  be  no  experi- 
menting, hesitating  or  writing  words,  frases  and  sentences  in 
different  or  erroneous  ways. 

While  you  are  drilling  upon  the  words  in  the  Lessons,  which 
show  you  what  to  do  and  how  to  do  it,  the  theory  upon  which 
the  art  is  based  and  its  application  to  the  words  under  con- 
sideration should  be  carefully  studied  and  understood,  so  that 
other  words,  involving  similar  principles  in  their  construc- 
tion, not  given  in  the  Lessons,  may  be  written  from  analogy. 
This  theory  is  simplicity  itself— the  representation  of  the  ele- 
mentary sounds  of  the  language  by  the  simplest  appropriate 
lines,  joined  together  in  the  order  the  sounds  are  spoken,  to 
form  the  words.  There  is  nothing  obscure  or  difficult  in  the 
study,  but  considerable  drill  is  necessary  to  train  the  fingers 
to  form  and  join  the  characters  easily  and  swiftly  and  give 
the  writer  that  complete  confidence  in  himself  which  will  en- 
able him  to  do  his  best.  This  absolute  confidence  in  self  and 
control  of  the  hand  can  only  be  acquired  by  persistent  drill 
under  intelligent  and  forceful  exercise  of  the  will  until  the 
mind  is  educated  and  convinced  of  its  power  to  execute. 

Practice  upon  the  words  in  a  Lesson  until  you  can  write 
them  easily  as  fast  as  fifty  in  a  minute,  then,  with  the  Lesson 
before  you,  so  you  can  see  the  forms  of  the  words  as  they  aie 


gt  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

spoken,  have  them  dictated  to  you  for  additional  practice. 
The  dictator  should  pronounce  each  word  or  f  rase  three  or 
more  times  to  accommodate  those  who  write  at  different  rates 
of  speed,  if  dictating  to  a  class,  and  to  more  thoroly  fix  the 
word  and  frase  forms  in  the  mind  of  the  learner.  The  dicta- 
tion should  be  done  a  little  faster  than  the  writer  can  easily 
write,  so  there  shall  be  a  constant  incentive  to  faster  writing. 
During  this  dictation,  as  well  as  at  other  times,  the  student's 
mind  should  be  actively  and  energetically  concentrated  upon 
mastering  and  committing  the  principles  of  writing  and  abbre- 
viation, as  w^ell  as  the  forms  of  the  words  illustrating  them, 
so  that  as  soon  as  possible  the  words,  frases  and  sentences 
may  be  correctly  written  without  the  aid  of  the  book. 

In  this  way  all  the  processes  employed  in  the  mastery  of 
Shorthand — the  training  of  the  ear  to  catch  the  words,  the 
association  of  the  sounds  with  the  letters  which  represent 
them,  the  fixing  of  correct  forms  in  the  mind,  the  elimination 
of  hesitancy  by  having  the  forms  before  the  learner,  accuracy 
and  uniformity  in  the  training  of  the  hand,  and  speed  of  move- 
ment— are  carried  along  simultaneously;  the  ear,  eye  and 
hand  are  trained  to  work  harmoniously  and  in  unison — the 
v/ord-path  thru  the  ears  to  and  off  the  fingers  is  cleared  of  ob- 
structions in  the  most  thoro  and  expeditious  manner. 

The  Lessons  should  be  reviewed  and  practiced  upon  until 
they  can  be  written  thru  easily  at  the  rate  of  a  hundred  words 
to  the  minute,  and  the  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises  until 
they  can  be  written  at  one  hundred  and  twenty,  and  upward. 
There  is  practically  no  limit  to  the  speed  that  may  be  acquired 
by  practice  except  that  of  adaptation  of  the  writer  to  accu- 
rate and  swift  movement.  Of  course  speed  will  vary  with  dif- 
ferent persons,  and  with  the  same  person  at  different  times, 
but  all  can  reach  workable  efficiency  if  industrious  and  perse- 
vering. 

In  most  cases  onl}'  root  words  could  be  given  in  the  Lessons. 
After  the  Lesson  has  been  mastered,  the  practice  may  be  va- 
ried by  dictating  derivatives,  allied  and  compound  words. 
This  excellent  practice  will  give  the  learner  skill  in  applying 
the  principles  of  writing,  enlarge  his  working  vocabulary  and 
cultivate  promptness  and  self-reliance. 

17.  No  lines  are  used  either  in  the  Lessons  or  the  Writing 
and  Reading  Exercises,  as  the  writing  is  just  as  legible  with- 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  SS 

out  them.  However,  it  is  better  for  the  sake  of  regularity  in 
writing,  as  in  longhand,  that  it  should  be  done  with  reference 
to  a  line,  either  real  or  imaginary.  Let  the  first  perpendic- 
ular or  inclined  consonant  in  a  word  rest  on  the  line,  the  other 
letters  before  or  after  it  falling  into  their  proper  positions 
with  reference  to  this  controlling  letter.  An  examination  of 
the  matter  on  the  shorthand  pages  will  show  the  practice  in 
this  regard. 

18.  Frases.  The  object  of  language  is  to  convey  ideas  from 
one  to  another.  If  the  instruction  in  this  book  stopped  with 
showing  how  words  are  written  it  would  fall  short  of  the  full 
purpose  intended,  as  the  dictionary'  falls  short  of  being  liter- 
ature. The  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises  show  how  the 
words  introduced  are  used  in  frases  and  sentences  to  convey 
intelligence  to  another 

ft  is  only  while  the  pen  or  pencil  is  moving  on  the  paper 
that  it  is  doing  anything  which  can  be  read.  Liftings  of  the 
pen  or  pencil,  waste  movements  which  consume  time  and  effort 
and  produce  nothing  which  can  be  read,  should  be  reduced  to 
the  least  possible  number,  in  the  interests  of  speed  and  to  save 
work. 

As  we  associate  and  join  together  sounds  to  form  syllables, 
and  syllables  to  form  words,  so  we  can  properly  extend  this  as- 
sociation in  writing  as  we  do  in  speaking,  by  joining  together 
words  that  are  intimately  associated  in  sense,  into  what  we 
call  frases.  These  frases  should  be  composed  only  of  words 
that  are  spoken  together  as  the  syllables  of  a  word  are  spoken, 
with  no  pause  of  any  kind  between  them,  and  the  forms  of 
which  join  readily  and  easily  with  each  other. 

When  words  are  written  separately  there  is  a  waste  stroke 
to  each  word,  between  it  and  the  word  following.  If  words 
average  two  strokes  apiece  and  the  pen  is  raised  from  the  pa- 
per after  each  to  go  to  the  next  word,  then  one  third  of  the 
writing  time  and  effort  is  wasted;  if  written  in  frases  there  is 
no  waste  stroke  between  words,  the  labor  of  writing  is  lessened 
and  more  fully  utilized. 

The  writing  should  indicate  as  closely  as  possible  the  man- 
ner of  speaking.  If  words  are  written  separately,  with  a  waste 
stroke  between  them,  it  has  the  same  effect  upon  the  eye  of 
the  reader  as  there  is  upon  the  ear  of  the  listener  if  the  same 
frase  or  sentence  is  spoken  with  a  pause  between  the  words. 


24  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

This  is  not  the  natural  manner  of  speaking:  allied  words  are 
spoken  tog'ether  continuously  as  the  syllables  of  a  word  are 
spoken.  One  does  not  speak  the  frase,  "Why  do  you?"  sepa- 
rating the  words,  any  more  than  he  would  separate  the  sylla- 
bles of  the  word  "con  tin  ue;"  but  speaks  both  uninterrutedly. 
In  Shorthand  the  writing  should  indicate  this  manner  of  speak- 
ing by  joining  together  continuously  into  a  frase  the  forms  of 
the  allied  words,  where  practicable.  Care  should  be  taken, 
however,  not  to  go  to  the  extreme  and  try  to  join  into  fraseg 
words  not  associated  in  sense,  or  which  have  pauses  betweer 
them,  or  the  forms  of  which  do  not  join  easily  and  readily  to- 
gether. Except  under  especially  favorable  conditions,  two  or 
three  words  are  enuf  to  join  into  a  frase,  particularly  by  a  be- 
ginner. 

There  is  no  more  danger  of  difficulty  in  reading  matter  that 
is  properly  frased,  as  soon  as  one  becomes  accustomed  to  it, 
than  there  is  in  being  able  to  understand  a  person  when  he 
speaks  in  this  natural  and  ordinary  way;  indeed  it  is  easier, 
for  it  brings  the  writing  and  manner  of  speaking  into  har- 
mony, each  showing  the  peculiarities  of  the  other.  The  ease 
and  rapidity  of  the  writing,  as  well  as  the  reading,  are  both 
greatly  enhanced  by  proper  frasing. 

A  few  specially  shortened  f  rases  are  given  at  the  beginning 
of  each  Writing  and  Reading  Exercise.  They  are  to  be  prac- 
ticed upon  and  mastered  the  same  as  are  the  word-signs.  The 
common  f  rases  made  by  simply  joining  associated  words  to- 
gether without  shortening  of  form,  will  be  found  scattered 
thruout  the  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises,  where  they  will 
be  readily  understood  and  mastered  without  special  drill.  The 
ability  to  recognize  and  form  new  combinations  and  f rases  as 
one  writes  is  a  valuable  accomplishment  and  should  be  culti- 
vated. 

19.  Brevity  of  words.  The  forms  given  for  words  and  f  rases 
are  brief  enuf  for  about  any  work  a  writer  will  be  called  upon 
to  do,  and  at  the  same  time  sufficiently  definite  to  be  promptly 
and  certainly  read,  not  only  by  the  writer  but  by  others  famil- 
iar with  the  system.  To  reach  the  best  results  for  yourself, 
for  others  and  for  the  art  that  serves  you,  it  is  essential  that 
correctness  and  uniformity  of  writing  should  be  strictly  ad- 
hered to.  The  writing  that  the  writer  only  can  read  is  of  the 
least  usefulness:  the  greatest  usefulness  is  reached  when  the 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  25 

writing  is  done  so  that  all  can  read  it.  The  one  is  merely  a 
collection  of  crude  and  arbitrary  marks  for  a  narrow,  selfish 
and  temporary  purpose,  which  from  its  very  nature  can  serve 
but  poorly  a  small  number;  the  other  is  a  broad,  comprehen- 
sive, educational  and  useful  system  to  supply  perfectly  all  the 
writing  requirements  of  all  the  people  It  should  be  your 
pride  and  pleasure,  as  well  as  your  recognized  duty,  to  aid  in 
bringing  about  the  highest  development  and  widest  usefulness 
of  the  system  of  writing  that  serves  you  so  well.  To  this  end 
be  exact  and  write  your  words  and  f  rases  as  given  in  the  Les- 
sons and  Exercises,  and  extend  the  usefulness  of  the  system 
by  commending  it  to  others. 

Special  cases  will  arise  wherein  a  frequently  occurring  word 
or  frase  in  a  particular  kind  or  piece  of  work  may  be  further 
shortened.  Because  of  its  frequency  the  fuller  form  would  be 
too  burdensome,  and  because  of  its  frequency  the  more  abbre- 
viated form  would  be  readily  read;  but  these  cases  should  be 
treated  as  exceptional  and  the  writing  generally  be  done  as  it 
is  shown  in  the  Lessons. 

20.  Test  your  knowledge  of  the  principles  by  writing  out  in 
Shorthand  the  Lessons  from  the  key  on  opposite  page,  with- 
out referring  to  the  engraved  forms  of  the  words;  then  com- 
pare your  forms  with  those  in  the  shorthand  part  of  the  Les- 
son and  where  you  find  you  have  written  a  word  or  frase  incor- 
rectly, practice  upon  the  correct  form  until  mastered.  Fre- 
quent test  reviews  of  this  kind,  conscientiously  done,  will  soon 
eliminate  all  incorrect  word  and  frase  forms  from  the  writing 
of  painstaking  students. 

21.  The  grouping  of  the  words  and  frases,  illustrating  the 
principles  of  writing  and  abbreviation,  make  these  Lessons 
of  peculiar  value  as  dictation  drills  for  fixing  these  principles 
in  mind,  much  superior  to  miscellaneous  matter,  tho  it  may 
not  be  as  interesting,  because  of  the  repetition  of  such  prin- 
ciples in  the  words  and  frases.  Their  practice  should,  there- 
fore, constitute  the  greater  part  of  the  daily  drill  of  the  stu- 
dent until  these  principles  are  well  fixed  in  the  mind.  We 
wish  to  emfasize  the  point  that  these  Lessons  and  Exercises 
can  not  be  practiced  upon  too  much  by  those  who  would  excel. 
Intelligent,  energetic,  accurate,  persistent  practice,  pnictice, 
PRACTICE,  is  the  secret  of  success  in  Shorthand,  as  in  every- 
thing else;  you  need  not  look  with  any  confidence  for  any  sat 


S6  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

isfactory  degree  of  eflBciency  without  this  thoro  drill. 

22.  The  Writing'  and  Beading  Exercises  supplement  the  Les- 
sons and  complete  the  instruction  by  showing'  how  the  words 
shown  in  the  Lessons,  and  others  similarly  written,  are  used 
in  frases  and  sentences  to  convey  intelligence  to  another,  the 
object  of  written  language.  They  are  also  intended  as  a  test 
of  the  student's  thoroness  in  the  mastery  of  the  preceding 
Lesson  or  Lessons.  They  contain  no  words  or  frases  not  al- 
ready introduced,  or  which  may  not  be  written  by  the  princi- 
ples of  writing  or  abbreviation  previously  given.  If  the  stu- 
dent can  not  read  these  Exercises  readily,  it  means  that  the 
previous  Lessons  have  not  been  well  mastered  and  they  should 
be  reviewed  until  this  difficulty  is  overcome. 

23.  When  instruction  is  given  orally,  these  Writing  and 
Reading  Exercises  should  be  transcribed  with  a  pen  or  on  a 
writing  machine  by  the  student,  and  be  criticized  and  cor- 
rected by  the  teacher  before  dictation. 

24.  When  instruction  is  given  by  nia.il,  after  the  Lesson  has 
been  well  mastered,  the  Writing  and  Reading  Exercise  should 
be  written  out,  the  Shorthand,  and  longhand  or  machine-made 
transcript,  on  alternate  lines,  with  one  or  two  blank  lines  fol- 
lowing each  pair  of  Shorthand  and  longhand  lines,  and  be  sent 
to  the  teacher  for  criticisms  and  corrections. 

25.  How  to  find  words.  The  words  and  frases  in  the  Lessons 
and  Exercises  are  arranged  in  groups  illustrating  the  different 
principles  of  writing  and  abbreviation  which  apply  in  them. 
These  principles  may  be  located  by  reference  to  the  table  of 
Contents.  If  two  or  more  principles  apply  in  a  given  word! 
the  word  will  be  found  in  the  group  illustrating  the  last  prin- 
ciple applying  in  the  word  or  frase:  but  the  thoro  student  will 
so  completely  master  the  Lessons  that  the  form  and  location 
of  every  word  and  frase  will  be  known. 

26.  Por  convenience  of  reference  the  words  in  the  Lessons 
are  arranged  in  numbered  lines  and  lettered  columns;  thus, 
4-a,  will  be  understood  to  refer  to  the  first  word  of  line  four, 
while  5-a  to  6-u,  will  be  understood  as  referring  to  all  the 
words  given  between  the  individual  words  so  designated.  The 
lines  of  the  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises  are  also  numbered 
for  convenience  of  reference. 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  1. 

EXPLANATION  Or  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  This  Lesson  shows  you  how  to  write  words  of  a  single  con- 
sonant followed  by  a  single  vowel  sound.  Note  that  altho  in 
the  common  spellings  of  these  words  there  may  be  several  let- 
ters in  each,  there  are  but  two  sounds,  and,  as  in  this  method 
of  writing  the  sounds  only  are  represented,  but  two  letters 
are  used  to  write  each  word. 

2.  The  letter  e  may  be  turned  in  the  direction  the  hands  of 
a  clock  move  far  enuf  to  make  an  easy  joining  with  the  pre- 
ceding consonant,  as  you  will  see  by  a  careful  study  of  the 
words  1-a  to  r.     Write  I  downward  before  e,  1-r. 

3.  1-s,  3-a,  10-a,  11-m^The  shading  of  these  vowels  implies 
a  preceding  h. 

4.  1-u  to  3-e — A  does  not  vary,  but  has  its  opening  invaria- 
bly toward  the  right,  as  shown.  It  makes  the  joining  of  a 
with  la,  ra,  wa,  ya  and  icha  easier  if  they  are  made  with  but  a 
slight  inclination;  if  made  steep  it  throws  the  a  around  into  ah. 

5.  The  words  ichey,  3-c,  and  lohoa,  5-n,  begin  with  the  conso- 
nant difthong  spelled  xch  but  pronounced  hw.  The  h  is  ex- 
pressed by  slightly  shading  the  hook  of  the  w,  in  analogy  with 
the  shading  of  vowels  to  imply  a  preceding  h.  A  slight  press- 
ure at  the  beginning  of  the  hook  is  sufficient  to  make  the  shade. 

6.  3-i— Note  that  all  forms  a  hook  on  the  end  of  p,  thus  en- 
abling the  writer  to  fully  express  the  word  with  one  stroke. 

7.  4-r  to  5-n — Note  that  the  vowel  o  is  struck  in  its  inclined 
direction,  and  5-o  to  6-«  the  same  vowel  is  struck  in  its  per- 
pendicular direction.  This  slight  change  in  the  direction  of 
the  vowel  is  made  to  facilitate  joinings. 

8.  Note  that  to  obtain  sharp  angles  au  may  be  struck  either 
upward,  6-e,  or  downward,  6-i  to  7-in. 

9.  The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  the  diamond-point- 
ed letters,  i,  etc,  oi  and  oio,  are  the  points  and  the  directions 
of  the  points;  these  must  be  made  definite  and  preserved. 
The  strokes  of  which  the  letters  are  formed  may  be  made 
either  straight  or  curved,  to  facilitate  joining  with  the  con- 
sonant to  which  it  is  attached.  Compare  the  words  carefully 
and  note  the  modification  mentioned,  7-n  to  ll-m. 


28  BUSINESS  SHORTHANV. 

10.  ll-ntol2-u  -These  words  are  of  such  frequent  occur- 
rence, scarcely  a  sentence  being'  written  without  the  use  of 
one  or  more  of  them,  that  it  would  be  burdensome  to  write  the 
whole  word,  and  because  they  are  so  frequent  they  are  read- 
ily recognized  and  read  if  shortened.  The  words  ll-n  to  12-in. 
are  represented  by  the  consonant  letter  alone,  the  vowel  be- 
ing omitted.  12-n — iVand  the  last  stroke  of  ow,  slightly  shad- 
ed are  used  for  now;  and  is  represented  by  n  made  half-leng-th 
and  shaded,  12-o;  the  is  represented  by  a  light,  short  tick,  ei- 
ther horizontal  or  perpendicular  to  facilitate  joining  to  the 
word  after  or  before  it;  it  should  be  so  joined  wherever  prac- 
ticable, 12-r;  the  i  with  the  first  stroke  shaded  is  used  for  the 
word  high,  under  the  principle  of  shading  a  vowel  to  imply  a 
preceding-  h,  and  also  as  a  special  word-sign  for  why,  12-s,  and 
e,  unshaded,  is  used  for  ye  and  also  for  you  by  some  writers,  12-u. 

11.  Long  familiarity  with  the  appearance  of  words  on  the 
printed  page  where  all  are  separated,  may  have  so  obscured 
the  learner's  perception  of  the  close  association  which  exists 
between  certain  words  in  a  sentence,  that  when  presented  to 
the  eye  on  the  printed  page,  in  their  natural  groupings  into 
frases,  it  is,  at  first,  difficult  for  him  to  recognize  the  combi- 
nations and  become  accustomed  to  the  new  and  natural  way 
of  writing  and  reading.  To  remove  this  difficulty  and  aid  the 
learner  to  recog^nize  these  combinations,  there  are  given  be- 
low the  first  two  lines  of  Writing-  and  Reading  Exercise  1, 
indicating  by  the  corresponding  common  letters  the  short- 
hand characters  employed  in  writing  the  words,  and  the  asso- 
ciation of  the  words  into  frases  by  connecting  such  words  with 
a  hyf en  between  them. 

1.  Hwy-d-y  sa-so?    Hwy-d-y  d-so?    Hwy-d-y-g  now?    Hwy-d-y 

les  the-nu  hous? 

2.  B-the-wa  d-y-no  how  t  ho  the-ro  I-sho-y?    Pa-da.    G  nd  se 

the-nu  las  boz. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  1. 

Words  in  parenthesis  are  written  and  pronounced  the  same  as  the  one  immediately 
preceding. 

1.  Pea  key  (quay)  tea  fee  see  (sea)  me  knee  lea  (lee)  he  bay. 

2.  Pay  gay  day  Shay  say  nay  (neigh)  lay  ray  way  (weigh)  yea. 

3.  Hay  whey  jay  pa  ma  ha  boo  pooh  coo  Sioux  (sou). 

4.  New  (knew)  lieu  (loo)  woo  moo  rue  shoe  (shoo)  who  bow 

(beau)  foe  so  (sow  sew). 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  29 

5.  No  (know)  low  row  (roe)  woe  owe  (O!  oh  hoe)  whoa  Coe  (Co.) 

doe  (dough)  toe  (tow)  show  (shew). 

6.  Mow  (Moe)  Joe  paw  caw  daw  Shaw  saw  thaw  maw  gnaw. 

7.  Law  raw  yaw  haw  (haugh)  jaw  die  (dye)  tie  my  nigh  (Nye) 

lie  (lye  ley). 

8.  Rye  (wry)  by  (buy  bye)  pie  guy  vie  fie  shy  sigh  thy  thigh. 

9.  Pew  cue  dew  (due)  view  few  sue  thew  mew  Jew  chew. 

10.  Hew  (hue)  coy  toy  Roy  joy  boy  bow  (bough)  cow  vow  sow. 

11.  Thou  mow  Dow  row  how  be  she  we  they  may. 

12.  Do  to  (too  two)  you  go  though  now  and  the  high  (why)  ye. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  SI 


LESSON  2. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  This  Lesson  shows  how  to  write  words  commencing"  with 
a  vowel  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  how  plurals  of  nouns, 
present  tenses  of  verbs  and  endings  of  some  other  words,  are 
formed  by  the  addition  of  a  circle  for  s  and  2  to  a  preceding 
letter. 

2.  Attention  is  called  to  this  law  of  the  language:  Two 
spoken  sounds,  like  dz  in  adds  or  hd  in  ebbed,  and  two  whispered 
sounds,  like  Ics  in  oaks  or  pt  in  wpt,  are  spoken  easily  together; 
but  the  difficulty  in  pronouncing  a  whispered  sound  after  a 
spoken  consonant  or  a  spoken  sound  after  a  whispered  conso- 
nant is  so  great  that  they  are  not  so  used. 

3.  Advantage  is  taken  of  this  law  to  use  the  circle  for  both 
z  and  .s;  the  circle  reading  z  on  the  end  of  shaded  consonants, 
representing  spoken  sounds,  and  of  m,  which,  tho  represented 
by  a  light  letter,  is  a  spoken  sound,  and  s  on  the  end  of  light 
consonants  which  represent  whispered  sounds. 

4.  N,  I  and  r  are  sounds  which  may  be /followed  by  both  whis- 
pered and  spoken  consonant  sounds;  so  the  circle  may  read 
either  z  or  s  on  the  ends  of  these  letters.  Which  it  is,  is  usually 
plainly  indicated  by  the  nature  of  the  composition,  as  is  the 
case  in  the  common  use  of  s  for  z  in  the  ordinary  spellings. 
If  greater  exactness  is  required  the  circle  may  be  shaded  for 
&,  leaving  it  light  for  .s,  or  the  full-stroke,  alfabetic  letter  may 
be  used.  Usually  no  distinction  is  made  and  no  trouble  arises 
in  reading. 

5.  With  the  exception  of  the  n,  I  and  r,  mentioned  above, 
when  a  spoken  consonant  is  followed  by  a  whispered  one,  or  a 
whispered  by  a  spoken  consonant,  a  vowel  must  be  spoken  be- 
tween them,  the  pronunciation  of  which  makes  the  necessary 
change  and  adjustment  of  the  vocal  organs  for  the  produc- 
tion of  the  next  consonant  sound,  as  in  the  word  ashes,  4-u. 

6.  There  must  be  an  angle  between  a  vowel  and  a  following 
consonant.  If  the  vowel  will  not  so  form  an  easily  made  join- 
ing at  an  angle  it  must,  if  written,  be  disjoined. 

7.  Note  that  0  may  be  written  upward  before  n  in  own,  6-r. 


32  BUSINESS  SHOBTHAND. 

8.  8-r  to  13-u  show  how  to  write  a  class  of  words  in  which 
two  or  three  vowels  occur  with  one  consonant,  the  vowels  join- 
ing' with  each  other  as  readily  as  with  consonants,  when  re- 
quired. In  9-8  and  a  number  of  words  after,  a  final  i-y  (i-short) 
is  expressed  by  means  of  a  small  hook  on  the  under  side  of  a 
preceding  consonant.  In  11-c-e-i  the  circle  is  used  for  z  and  s 
between  vowels.  Care  should  be  taken  to  make  these  char- 
acters small,  exact  and  neatly,  and  at  the  same  time  preserve 
che  distinctions  of  shape  and  size. 

9.  From  14-a  to  the  end  of  the  Lesson  are  given  frequent 
words  that  are  shortened;  their  peculiarities  should  be  noted 
and  observed  in  practice,  especially  the  half-length  6,  ?i  and  th, 
15-r-B-u,  which  are  used  for  but,  not  and  that.  These  words 
are  introduced  here  for  convenience  in  making  sentences  in 
the  Writing  and  Reading  Exercises. 


KEY  TO  LESSON  2. 

1.  Eat  eats  ease  ear  ears  eke  eve  eaves  (Eve's)  eel  eels. 

2.  Ill  ills  itch  Abe  Abe's  ache  aches  age  ages  aim. 

3.  Aims  (Ames)  ail  (ale)  ails  (ales)  aid  aids  ate  (eight)  ace  (a's) 

ebb  ebbs  egg. 

4.  Eggs  ell  ells  (else)  edge  etch  ax  add  adds  (adz)  ash  ashes. 

5.  An  (Ann)  air  (heir)  airs  (heirs)  ooze  (whose)  us  err  errs  O's 

(oh's  owes)  oath  oaths. 

6.  Ore  (oar  o'er)  ores  (oars)  oak  ode  (owed)  odes  oat  oats  own 

owns  awed. 

7.  Ought  (aught)  off  awes  awls  (all's)  ox  odd  odds  isle  (aisle  I'll) 

isles  (aisles)  ice  (eyes  ayes). 

8.  Ire  oil  oils  ounce  owl  our  (hour)  ours  (hours)  boa  bowie  buoy. 

9.  Bayou  obey  abbey  (abbe  Abbie)  payee  ago  ague  echo  dewy 

(Dewey)  Addie  Ida. 

10.  Ada  ado  adieu  eighty  Ettie  via  avow  ivy  showy  ashy. 

11.  Asia  easy  essay  icy  Amy  Emma  anew  annoy  owing  Leo. 

12.  Olio  illy  alley  (Allie)  oily  aloe  allay  ally  alloy  allow  Ella. 

13.  Area  array  awry  arrow  airy  era  Erie  aura  away  iota. 

14.  Up  it  its  is  am  on  or  (are)  issue  if  in. 

15.  At  of  all  as  out  each  any  but  not  that. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  35 


LESSON  3. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  In  this  and  following  Lessons  the  specially  shortened 
words  are  given  first;  they  should  be  drilled  upon  until  thor- 
oly  mastered.  Note  that  the  hooks  are  made  large  on  the 
end  of  h,  1-e,  and  y,  l-n. 

2.  The  words  3-a  to  S-n  show  how  e  long,  as  in  feel,  is  writ- 
ten in  its  full,  alf abetic  form  between  consonants.  It  is  made 
large  and  may  be  turned  in  the  direction  the  hands  of  a  clock 
move  far  enuf  to  make  the  easiest  joinings  with  the  consonant 
letters.  From  some  of  the  commonest  words  the  vowel  may 
be  omitted.  The  words  are  usually  legible  without  the  vowel, 
when  in  a  sentence,  and  it  need  not  be  written  unless  the  stu- 
dent distrusts  his  ability  to  read  readily,  in  such  cases  it  should 
be  written,  even  if  disjoined,  as  writing  is  worthless  unless  it 
can  be  certainly  read. 

3.  In  5-i,  7-u,  8-a  and  12-s-u  the  shaded  vowel  implies  a 
preceding  h. 

4.  In  the  words  8-o  to  10-u  the  direction  of  the  preceding 
consonant  is  such  that  the  vowel  is  written  in  the  form  of  a 
large  hook  on  the  under  side  of  it,  thus  enabling  the  writer  to 
fully  express  both  consonant  and  vowel  with  one  stroke. 

5.  The  words  11-a  to  13-c  show  how  i  short,  as  in  big,  is  writ- 
ten in  its  full,  alf  abetic  form  between  consonants.  This  vowel 
should  be  made  small  and  light;  the  difference  between  it  and 
the  e,  above,  is  in  size,  the  same  rules  govern  the  writing  of 
both. 

6.  In  the  words  13-e  and  following,  to  the  end  of  the  Lesson, 
this  vowel  is  written  in  the  form  of  a  small  hook  on  the  under 
side  of  a  preceding  consonant.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  fish, 
and  film,  13-r-s,  and  in  ambitious,  14-n,  the  vowel  hook  turns 
so  that  the  opening  is  upward:  but  it  is  the  direction  in  which 
the  vowel  is  written  which  determines  its  character  and  this 
is  shown  by  the  direction  of  the  preceding  consonant,  which 
is  fixed. 

7.  When  vowels  are  written  they  should  be  joined  to  the  con- 
sonants if  practicable.  There  are  some  cases  wherein  they 
will  not  join  easily,  and  still  it  is  desirable  that  they  should  be 


JO  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

written,  even  if  disjoined.  In  such  cases  the  disjoined  vowel 
should  be  placed  beside  and  near  the  end  of  the  consonant  in 
the  syllable  to  which  it  belon{fs;  for  instance,  in  the  word  l}nne 
the  disjoined  o  is  written  above  and  near  the  end  of  the  n, 
while  in  bo-nus  the  o  is  written  to  the  right  of  and  beside  the  b. 
This  aids  the  reader  by  enabling  him  to  see  the  syllabic  division 
of  such  words.  Disjoined  vowels  are  written  to  the  left  of  per- 
pendicular and  inclined  and  above  horizontal  consonants  when 
they  are  to  be  read  before  such  consonants,  and  to  the  right 
of  perpendicular  and  inclined  and  below  horizontal  consonants 
when  to  be  read  after  them.  This  explanation  with  the  ex- 
amples in  this  and  following  Lessons  will  make  the  matter  plain 
8.  It  will  be  noticed  that  sometimes  the  same  shorthand 
character  is  used  for  more  than  one  word.  The  words  of  this 
class  are  short,  very  frequent,  require  a  brief  sign  to  repre- 
sent them,  and' usually  being  different  parts  of  speech,  are 
used  so  differently  in  a  sentence  that  no  trouble  arises  from 
this  source. 

EET  TO  I.ESSON  3. 

1.  Evening  either  believe  (belief  before)  this  (these)  been 

give  ignorant  dignity  different  difference. 

2.  Figure  finish  deficient  wish   his   thing  (think)   will   with 

which  silver. 

3.  Beef  beeves  beam  beans  beneath  being  below  beer  (bier) 

beech  (beach)  peep. 

4.  Piece  (peace  peas)  appease  piano  peel  (peal)  appeal  peer 

(pier)  appear  peach  (pitch)  gear  team  (teem). 

5.  Tiers  (tears  tierce)  teach  deem  adhere  deny  veal  fever 

feel  fears  (fierce)  sheep. 

6.  Sheath  sheer  (shear)  zero  seed  (cede)  seer  (sear  sere  cere) 

theme  mere  leap  league  leak  (leek). 

7.  Leave  (lieve)  leaf  (lief)  lean  (lien)  need  (knead)  neat  ream 

repeal  reach  region  here  (hear). 

8.  Heat  cheer  cheese  even  arrears  weary  keep  keen  (Keene) 

keel  teeth. 

9.  Deep  depot  decay  deed  deaf  defeat  deal  seeing  seal  (ceil) 

thief. 

10.  Meal  reap  review  wreath  week  (weak)  weave  cheap  cheek 

chief  cheat. 

11.  Big  busy  pity  kitchen  did  ditto  diminish  tissue  vim  evince. 

12.  Village  fix  ship  thick  lip  live  limb  (limn)  rich  hill  him. 

13.  Witch  within  kick  king  kill  dig  tin  fish  film  sick. 

14.  Civic  sin  sing  silk  thin  ambitious  mix  miss  mill  milk. 

15.  Mince  rib  rip  rig  ring  (wring)  win  wing  chill  whip  whiflf. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  39 


LESSON  4. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  The  words  3-e  to  10-m  show  how  a,  as  in  game,  is  written 
between  consonants.  It  is  made  large  and  light;  where  shaded 
a  preceding  h  is  implied.  It  does  not  turn  or  vary  indirection, 
its  opening  being  invariably  to  the  right.  Before  d  and  t  the 
lower  part  of  the  curve  may  be  slightly  raised  to  make  the 
necessary  joining  angle. 

2.  The  words  10-n  and  following,  to  the  end  of  the  Lesson, 
show  how  e  short,  as  in  pen,  is  written  between  consonants. 
This  vowel  should  be  made  small  and  light;  the  difference  be- 
tween it  and  o,  above,  is  in  size,  the  same  rules  govern  the  use 
of  both.  Where  shaded  a  preceding  h  is  implied.  This  vowel 
being  short,  quickly  spoken  and  comparatively  unimportant 
in  reading,  is  not  usually  written  except  when  it  begins  the 
word,  or  is  the  main  or  accented  vowel  in  short  or  infrequent 
words.  The  spoken  names  of/,  s,  m,  n  and  I,  being  the  same 
as  the  first  syllables  of  words  commencing  with  ef,  es,  em,  en  and 
el,  this  vowel  is  not  usually  written  before  those  letters  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word. 

3.  In  your  practice  drills  you  need  not  write  the  vowels  that 
are  shown  disjoined  in  the  Lessons.  In  some  cases  they  are 
disjoined  where  they  could  be  easily  joined:  this  is  because  the 
word  is  so  frequent  that  the  experienced  writer  and  reader 
can  safely  use  the  words  in  this  way.  Where  the  vowels  are 
joined  in  the  word-outline  the  words  are  not  so  frequent  or  the 
insertion  of  the  vowel  makes  a  more  easily  written  word-form 
by  furnishing  a  better  joining,  and  it  is  better  to  write  the 
vowel  as  shown  in  the  Lessons.  Beginners  will  also  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  use  vowels  quite  freely;  it  takes  but  the 
infinitesimal  part  of  a  second  to  write  one  and  if  written  it 
may  save  several  minutes  of  study  over  an  unvocalized  out- 
line, or  the  misreading  of  a  word  when  you  come  to  read. 

You  must  strive  to  become  a  ready  and  accurate  reader,  and 
to  become  this  use  vowels  freely  at  first  and  as  long  as  you  see 
that  you  need  them  to  aid  you  in  reading.  Keep  your  writing 
legible  by  all  means. 

4.  Because  now  the  common  letters  are  more  significant  to 


j^  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

you  than  your  siiorthand  characters,  when  trying  to  decifer 
a  shorthand  word  which  seems  obscure,  it  will  often  aid  you 
in  reading  if  you  will  substitute  the  common  letters  for  the 
corresponding  shorthand  characters  by  writing  them  on  a  slip 
of  paper.  With  the  word  before  you  spelled  out  in  both  kinds 
of  letters  it  will  probably  occur  to  you  at  once.  As  you  be- 
come more  familiar  with  the  shorthand  characters,  their  com- 
binations and  their  greater  significance,  they  will  become  to 
you  much  more  expressive  and  suggestive  than  are  the  com- 
mon letters.    This  substitution  is  illustrated  on  page  28. 


EET  TO  LESSON  4. 

1.  Gave  case  came  (became)  days  take  make  always  favor 

America  electricity. 

2.  Defendant  efficient  very  never  nevertheless  neglect  length 

represent  regular  reverend  (Rev.) 

3.  Them  head  baby  bake  bacon  bathe  bail  (bale)  behave  pave 

pain  (pane). 

4.  Pail  (pale)  page  game  gain  gale  gauge  (gage)  engage  cave 

cane  (Cain)  daily  (Daley). 

5.  Dairy  tape  dictate  tame  attain  tail  (tale)  vain  (vane  vein) 

avail  vary  avaricious. 

6.  Fade  fate  (fete)  face  faith  fame  fail  shape  shake  shave 

shame. 

7.  Sake  saying  sale  (sail)  sage  main  (Maine  mane)  mail  (male) 

mayor  image  navy  name. 

8.  Nail  label  lady  lake  lathe  lame  lane  (lain)  laying  lazy  rake. 

9.  Rave  rain  (rein  reign)  arraign  rage  outrage  wake  wave 

(waive)  wary  wages  hate. 

10.  Hail  (hale)  James  jail  chase  chain  beg  bench  belt  berry 

(bury)  petty. 

11.  Pen  perish  repel  guess  keg  ahead  depth  deck  death  dem- 

agogue. 

12.  Dense  venue  heavy  fence  ofifense  fellow  (felloe)  felon  shell  V 

then  meadow. 

13.  Empty  method  memory  melt  emphatic  neck  envy  enemy 

leg  levy  (levee). 

14.  Lever  less  allege  lessee  elm  ready  reck  (wreck)  revenue 

erroneous  error. 
T5.  Retch  (wretch)  weapon  wedge  hence  yes  gem  check  (cheque) 
cherry  essential  essence. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  5. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  The  words  3-c  to  4-in  show  how  the  long  vowel  a,  as  in 
farm,  the  large  semicircle  with  the  opening  upward,  is  writ- 
ten, in  its  full,  alfabetic  form,  between  consonants,  and  in  the 
words  4-n  to  6-a  the  same  vowel  is  shown  written  in  the  form 
of  a  large  hook  on  the  end  of  a  preceding  consonant.  In  both 
cases  the  vowel  should  be  turned  in  the  direction  contrary  to 
the  movement  of  the  hands  of  a  clock  far  enuf  to  secure  a 
good  angle  between  it  and  the  consonants  with  which  it  joins. 

2.  The  words  6-c  to  13-s  show  how  the  short  vowel  a,  as  in 
cap,  the  small  semicircle  with  the  opening  upward,  is  written 
in  its  full,  alfabetic  form,  between  consonants,  and  the  words 
13-11  to  15-u  show  how  the  same  vowel  is  written  in  the  form 
of  a  small  hook  on  the  end  of  a  preceding  consonant.  The 
same  rules  govern  the  writing  of  this  vowel  that  apply  to  the 
ah,  above,  the  difference  between  them  is  in  size.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  in  lamp,  15-u,  the  vowel  appears  inverted,  but 
the  direction  of  the  I,  being  fixed,  shows  the  direction  in  which 
the  vowel  is  struck,  and  the  direction  in  which  it  is  written 
determines  its  character. 

3.  To  be  able  to  write  fast  you  must  study  and  practice  the 
utmost  economy  of  movement.  You  must  make  your  charac- 
ters small,  accurately  and  neatly.  Write  the  words  close  to- 
gether, and  where  words  are  frequently  associated  together 
in  sense  and  the  word-forms  join  easily,  connect  them  in  f rases; 
then  practice  upon  these  words,  frases  and  sentences  until 
your  hand  will  form  them  easily  and  without  a  particle  of  hes- 
itation. You  can  easily  double  your  work  by  making  your 
characters  too  large,  by  bad  joinings,  long  spaces  between 
words  and  neglect  to  form  frases.  Learn  to  be  a  critic  of 
your  own  work  and  exercise  the  office  with  a  severe  and  unre- 
lenting vigor.  Let  every  piece  of  practice  or  work  you  do  be 
the  best  you  can  execute — mark  your  highest  attainment  in 
the  art. 

4.  Cultivate  a  complete  confidence  in  yourself  and  your  abil- 
ity to  do  whatever  you  undertake,  and  work  to  succeed.     Do 


ith  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

not  be  discouraged  at  trifling"  difficulties,  or  any  difficulty. 
Discouragement  never  succeds;  "I  can't''  always  fails;  "I  can" 
always  succeeds  and  does  everything  there  is  done.  There  is 
a  reason  for  every  lack  of  success:  study  out  this  reason,  re- 
move the  difficulty,  persevere  and  you  can  not  fail  to  win  the 
object  sought.  Keep  constantly  before  you  the  fact  that  if 
you  stop  short  of  success  you  lose  all  you  have  done;  if  you 
persevere  and  win,  nothing  is  lost,  you  and  your  work  will  re- 
ceive vindication  and  reward. 


KEY  TO  LESSON  5. 

1.  department  remark  charge  bank  balance  guarantee  guar- 

anty agriculture  vagabond  can  (country). 

2.  Average  (avenue)  affidavit  advantage  thank  there  (their) 

anguish  magazine  memorandum  language  have. 

3.  Mechanic  arc  (ark)  arch  hark  arm  harm  data  dark  far 

farm. 

4.  Mark  laugh  lath  half  harsh  behalf  bath  bar  barb  bargain. 

5.  Bark  barn  barge  path  palm  park  parch  garbage  calf  calm. 

6.  Sharp  badge  patch  apples  gas  cab  cabinet  cap  cash  catch. 

7.  Gash  dance  damp  damage  dare  atom  attach  tab  tack  at- 

tack. 

8.  Tally  tare  (tear)  tarry  vanish  vanity  fat  family  fancy  fair 

(fare)  shall. 

9.  Shallow  sap  sack  (sac)  sash  map  mass  marriage  match  an- 

imal nap  (Knapp). 

10.  Knack  financial  anxious  alas  lap  elapse  lack  (lac)  lash  rap 

(wrap)  rags. 

11.  Rack  (wrack)  rash  wrath  ran  rally  rare  wagon  wax  ware 

(wear)  aware. 

12.  Where  whereas  anywhere  nowhere    everywhere  happy 

happen  had  hat  havoc. 

13.  Has  hang  hams  hair  (hare)  harrow  jack  agitate  chaff  chair 

baggage. 

14.  Back  bare  (bear)  barren  pack  pass  pan  panic  palace  pare 

(pear  pair)  parish. 

15.  Repair  gag  gang  candid  carriage  canvas  (canvass)  shaggy 

shanty  shank  lamp. 


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ii 

is.. 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  47 

LESSON  6. 

EXPLANATION  OP  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  The  words  2-u  to  7-i  illustrate  the  manner  in  which  the 
shaded  dash  vowel,  o  long",  as  in  Jwtne,  is  written  in  its  inclined 
direction  between  consonants,  and  7-m  to  8-u  show  how  the 
same  vowel  is  written  in  its  perpendicular  direction  between 
consonants.  This  slig'ht  chang-e  in  the  direction  of  the  vowel 
is  made  to  facilitate  joining,  the  same  as  are  the  variations  of 
the  semicircular  vowels  already  illustrated  and  explained. 

2.  The  words  9-a  to  15-c  show  the  light  dash  vowel,  u  short 
as  in  cup,  written  in  its  inclined  direction  between  conso- 
nants, and  15-e  to  u  show  the  same  vowel  written  in  its  per- 
pendicular direction  between  consonants.  The  same  rules 
govern  the  use  of  this  letter  that  apply  to  the  o,  above,  the 
distinction  between  them  being  in  the  shading.  Most  of  the 
words  given  are  of  so  frequent  occurrence  that  the  vowels  are 
usually  omitted  by  experienced  writers. 

3.  From  the  words  S-n,  6-n,  12-o  and  14-i-in,  h  is  omitted, 
the  word  commencing  with  the  vowel  immediately  after  the  h. 

4.  Make  frequent  and  thoro  reviews,  always  aiming  and 
working  industriously  and  energetically  for  greater  perfec- 
tion of  form  and  higher  speed.  Your  main  if  not  sole  reliance 
for  increased  speed  must  be  upon  a  more  rapid  manipulation, 
rather  than  upon  a  further  shortening  of  word  and  frase  forms. 
This  celerity  of  movement  can  be  gained  only  thru  such  per- 
fect familiarity  with  the  word  and  frase  forms  that  they  can 
be  struck  with  the  utmost  confidence  and  quickness,  all  of 
which  is  the  result  of  much  diligent  and  persistent  practice 
from  dictation,  especially  of  classes  of  words  and  f rases  which 
fix  principles  in  the  mind.  Write  your  words  and  frases  with 
a  reasonable  degree  of  brevity,  so  as  not  to  endanger  legibil- 
ity, use  facile,  easily  made  forms  and  stick  to  them.  Don't 
change.  Frequent  changes  in  word  and  frase  forms  are  fatal 
to  a  high  rate  of  speed.  No  one  can  write  rapidly  while  con- 
stantly experimenting  with  and  changing  the  word  and  frase 
forms  used.  A  long  and  even  awkward  form,  well  mastered 
and  constantly  used  will  be  much  more  readily  and  quickly 
written  than  a  shorter  form  imperfectly  mastered,  as  word 
and  frase  forms  necessarily  are  so  long  as  the  writer  keeps  in 
the  experimental  stage. 


48  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

5.  The  briefer  the  forms  you  use  the  more  illegible  will  be 
your  writiny;  for  the  less  of  a  word  you  write  the  more  of  it 
you  must  remember,  if  you  would  lead  it.  When  yorr  mem- 
ory becomes  dim  or  overburdened  by  the  number  of  arbitra- 
rily abbreviated  word-forms  you  try  to  use,  you  will  have  dif- 
ficulty in  recalling  them;  your  ability  to  read  will  depend  up- 
on your  fleeting  and  uncertain  memory  of  the  multitude  of  lit- 
tle fragmentary  characters  you  have  made,  and  your  skill  in 
constructing  the  proper  sentences  from  them.  The  more  of 
a  word  you  write  the  surer  you  are  to  read  it  certainly  and 
promptly  at  any  time.  There  is  no  escape  from  the  truth  of 
these  statements.  "Briefest,  best  and  most  legible"  contain* 
a  contradiction  in  terms.  Do  not  be  deceived  by  the  asser- 
tion, so  common  and  seductive,  yet  so  utterly  false  and  mis- 
chievous. 

'»•      \     ^^^  ^®  LESSON  6.1 

'^.    Above  pork  fourth  (forth)  perfect  purpose  public  (publish) 
govern  begun  (gun)  come  (become)  deponent. 

2.  Eternity  attorney  enough  such  much  number  (No.)  refer 

purchase  church  both.  ~^, 

3.  Bone  bonus  bold  (bowled)  bolt  bore  (boar)  hope  (ope)  open 

ocean  oppose  repose. 

4.  Pole  (poll)  pour  (pore)  porous  porch  going  agony  devote 

revoke  folks  folio. 

5.  Four  (fore)  force  (fours)  forge  shown  (shone)  soap  sows 

(sews)  sowing  (sewing)  soul  (sole)  sold  (souled)  solely. 

6.  Those  theory  moan  (mown)  mold   (mould)  more   (mower) 

home  notice  known  loam  loan  (lone). 

7.  Robe  roam  (Rome)  roar  wore  coke  comb  core  (corps)  coach 

tone  toll. 

8.  Tore  soak  sowed  (sewed)  rogue  woke  wove  yoke  joke  choke 

chose. 

9.  Buggy  bunch  carbon  bulb  bulk  bulge  birth  (berth)  bum 

(Bern)  budget  putty. 

10.  Punish  punch  repulse  purse  (purrs)  cup  cunning  coerce 

divulge  does  done  (dun). 

11.  Adult  tub  ton  (tun)  tongue  turkey  term  touch  reverse  de- 

fer fuss. 

12.  Funny  firm  furnace  thus  thorough  thoroughly  hum  ani- 

mus among  unto. 

13.  None  (nun)  nothing  annul  luck  love  rub  rough  (ruff)  rush 

rum  run. 

14.  Earth  earn  (urn)  urge  her  hurry  were  worse  work  worth 

worm. 

15.  Jug  judge  gum  curb  curry  duck  dumb  tug  tough  terse. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  '          51 


LESSON  7. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  The  words  4-a  to  6-r  show  how  the  shaded,  horizontal, 

dash  vowel,  oo  long,  as  in  boom,  is  written  between  consonants. 
This  vowel  does  not  vary  in  direction,  when  it  will  not  join 
readily  to  both  consonants  it  should  be  disjoined,  in  which  case 
it  is  seldom  written  by  the  experienced  writer.  It  is  compar- 
atively infrequent,  occurring  in  but  few  words. 

2.  The  words  6-s  to  7-r  show  how  the  light,  horizontal,  dash 
vowel,  00  short,  as  in  cook,  is  written  between  consonants.  It 
is  distinguished  from  the  long  vowel,  above,  by  difference  in 
shading,  the  same  rules  govern  the  writing  of  both. 

3.  The  words  7-s  to  9-o  show  how  the  shaded,  inclined,  dash 
vowel,  a  as  in  tall,  is  written  downward  between  consonants, 
and  the  words  9-r  to  10-e  show  how  the  same  vowel  is  written 
upward  between  consonants,  the  direction  being  used  which 
will  give  the  sharpest  angle  between  it  and  the  consonant  to 
which  it  is  joined. 

4.  The  words  10-i  to  14-in  show  how  the  light,  inclined,  dash 
vowel,  0  short,  as  in  dog,  is  written  downward  between  conso- 
nants, and  the  words  14-ii  to  15-o  show  how  the  same  vowel  is 
written  upward  between  consonants,  the  same  rules  govern 
the  writing  of  this  vowel  that  apply  to  the  broad  a,  above,  the 
distinction  being  in  the  shading. 

5.  The  three  last  words  of  the  Lesson  are  derivatives  based 
upon  the  word-sign  form.  More  than  130  derivatives  employ- 
ing this  word-sign  in  their  construction  are  given  in  the  Key 
TO  THE  Amanuensis  and  Student's  Drill  Book. 

6.  Owing  to  the  more  appropriate  and  skillful  assignment 
of  letters  to  represent  the  sounds,  and  the  less  waste  move- 
ment incident  upon  the  joining  of  letters  and  words,  writers 
of  this  system  are  not  compelled  to  resort  to  the  extremes  of 
brevity  and  complexity,  with  consequent  loss  of  legibility, 
which  characterize  other  systems;  but  writing  in  it  may  be 
done  with  the  words  more  fully  expressed,  as  rapidly,  and,  con^ 
sequently,  more  legibly.  It  may  also  be  written  as  briefly  and 
illegibly,  and  at  the  same  time  more  rapidly  than  other  sys- 


5S  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND, 

terns,  if  the  writer  prefers;  but  if  he  writes  in  this  illegible 
way  he  should  not  blame  the  system  for  the  difficulty  he  will 
have  in  reading.  The  system  must  be  mastered  thoroly  and 
written  correctly  to  get  good  results.  Slip-shod  methods  in 
Shorthand  will  produce  no  better  results  than  in  any  other 
pursuit,  they  are  sure  to  bring  disappointment  and  failure; 
only  intelligent,  faithful,  conscientious  work  brings  the  high- 
est reward.    See  that  you  do  this. 


TOBY  TO  LESSON  7. 

1.  Object  bushel  benevolent  popular  according  coupon  corn 

cause  (because)  already  tomorrow, 

2.  Volume  faculty  for  form  perform  furnish  autho-  there 

fore  (therefor)  morning'  mortgage. 

3.  Long  young  repugnant  warrantee  warranty  uniform  uni- 

verse unanimous  officious  copy, 

4.  Boom  poor  cool  doom  tooth  tool  tour  food  fool  shoot. 

5.  Soup  soon  saloon  move  remove  moon  noon  renew  undo 

(nude)  loop, 

6.  Routine  roof  room  ruin  use  youth  unity  choose  book  bush, 

7.  Bull  push  pull  took  shook  cook  hoop  (whoop)  look  gall 

gorge, 

8.  Caucus  (calks)  cough  cautious  autumn  talk  tall  sauce  (saws) 

naughty  origin  hall. 

9.  Horse  horror  walk  war  warm  warn  chalk  lawyer  bawl  (ball) 

gone. 

10.  False  (falls)  fork  lawn  borrow  born  authority  authorize 

along  belong  upon. 

11.  Posse  cock  coffee  colony  dog  dock  dodge  top  foreign  office. 

12.  Often  of tener  official    shop  shock  shoddy  solace  solid  soli- 

tary knock. 

13.  Obnoxious  mob  motto  demolish  lobby  lock  rob  rock  rocky 

wrong. 

14.  Hogs  was  wash  watch  job  box  bosh  botch  obvious  oblivious. 

15.  Polish  fog  follow  admonish  loss  lodge  .John  reform  former 

formal. 


Q'A 


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X 


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y 


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if 


A^^, 


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^i 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  55 


LESSON  8. 

1.  The  Exercises  commencing  with  this  Lesson  and  contin- 
uing- thru  the  course,  are  intended  to  supplement  the  regular 
shorthand  Lessons  by  extending  the  student's  vocabulary,  and 
furnish  a  test  examination  of  the  thoroness  with  which  the 
principles  have  been  mastered.  A  copy  should  be  made  in 
longhand  or  on  a  typewriter,  "double-space,"  and  the  short- 
hand forms  written  with  pen  and  ink  in  the  blank  space  under 
the  words,  taking  care  to  write  neatly  and  observe  the  prin- 
ciples which  apply  in  the  words.  When  the  student  is  sure 
there  are  no  mistakes  in  the  Exercise  it  should  be  handed  to 
the  teacher  for  criticism  and  correction,  if  needed.  Where 
practicable  the  corrections  should  be  made  before  the  student 
and  the  reasons  why  given.  In  teaching  large  classes  the  Ex- 
ercises may  be  put  upon  the  board  by  the  teacher  and  each 
student  make  his  own  corrections.  These  Exercises  may  be 
taken  up  in  regular  course  as  reviews  of  the  principles  just 
gone  over  and  in  addition  to  the  advance  Lesson,  or  they  may 
be  taken  up  in  connection  with  the  Lesson  they  supplement 
in  the  first  general  review  of  the  course. 

2.  Write  the  following  words,  as  directed  above,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  principles  explained  in  Lesson  2: 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  1. 

Ekes  e'en  itches  apes  edges  etches  Ann's  opes  oaks  awls 
eyed  (I'd)  owlish  powwow  ego  Aggie  doughy  duo  eddy  (Eddie) 
Etta  Eva  Effie  Asa  eon  aerie  aha  ogee  outdo  outgo  outlaw 
outweigh. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

3.  See  paragraf  9,  page  27,  for  general  directions  in  regard 
to  form  and  joining  the  diamond-pointed  difthongs. 

4.  The  words  2-i  to  6-e  show  how  i,  as  in  like,  is  written  be- 
tween consonants  with  both  strokes  straight;  6-i  to  8-s  show 
how  to  write  the  same  letter  with  the  first  stroke  curved  and 
the  second  straight,  and  S-u  shows  how  it  is  written  with  the 
first  stroke  straight  and  the  second  curved.  There  are  a  few 
words  of  comparatively  infrequent  occurrence  in  which  the 
easiest  joining  of  this  letter  requires  that  both  strokes  should 


56  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

be  curved,  or  it  may  be  disjoined,  if  preferred. 

5.  The  words  9-c  to  12-n  show  how  ew,  as  in  few,  is  written 
between  consonants.  Most  of  the  words  g'iven  occur  so  fre- 
quently that  the  vowel  may  be  omitted  without  endangering 
the  legibility  of  an  ordinary  sentence. 

6.  The  words  12-o  to  14-e  show  how  oi,  as  in  toil,  is  written 
between  consonants. 

7.  The  words  14-i  to  15-u  show  how  ow,  as  in  totcn  is  written 
between  consonants.  Note  the  variations  in  the  strokes  of 
the  letters,  made  to  secure  the  easiest  joinings,  and  follow 
them  closely  in  practice. 

EBY  TO  LESSON  8. 

1.  Opportunity  occupy  pecuniary  pure  power  organize  county 

idea  mighty  almighty. 

2.  Iron  child  employ  dive  dine  dying  (dyeing)  ideal  hide  (hied 

Hyde)  height  (white)  item. 

3.  Time  (thyme)  type  appetite  tine  tile  tire  mile  mileage 

mine  admire. 

4.  Benign  knife  knives  libel  (liable)  like  alike  live  life  line 

alliance. 

5.  Ripe  riot  rife  derive  rise  (rice)  righteous  wipe  wife  wives 

wine. 

6.  Wise  wire  China  bias  by-law  alibi  pipe  pine  repine  pile. 

7.  Vise  (vice)  device  divide  vine  divine  revive  violence  defy 

fine  define. 

8.  Defiance  refine  file  shine  side  (sighed)  sight  (site  cite)  si- 

lence sign  (sine)  science  lime. 

9.  Fire  bureau  rebuke  abuse  purity  purify  repudiate  argue 

accuse  accumulate. 

10.  Cure  curious  duty  duly  deduce  reduce  unduly  endure  tube 

tumult. 

11.  Tune  fuse  refuse  refute  fuel  fury  furious  sewer  mule  pol- 

lute. 

12.  Annuity  huge  juice  junior  judicious  attitude  decoy  coin 

coil  toil. 

13.  Noise  annoyance  loyalty  royalty  join  rejoice  choice  boys 

boil  voyage. 

14.  Avoid  voice  soil  bounty  empower  couch  doubt  down  town 

avows. 

15.  Devout  devour  foul  (fowl)  shower  mouth  allowance   an 

nounce  arouse  endow  tower. 


b  2- 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  59 

LESSON  9. 

SUPPLEMENTARY   EXERCISE  2. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  princi- 
ples illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  3  and  previous  Lessons. 

1.  Beacon  bedew  belie  apiece  appears  geese  Eden  deems 
eaten  (Eaton  Eton)  tease  veer  fees  sheaf  sheathe  siege  beseech 
merely  needy  neatly  niece  (knees)  anneal  veneer  oblique  lean- 
to  legion  leach  (leech)  leeway  rear  arena  outreach  heap  heave 
heel  (heal)  hero  cohere  jeer  jeering  cheery  yearly  yearling. 

2.  Keenly  deepen  deacon  decays  decoy  deity  deviate  deafens 
deafness  deify  dean  teal  zenith  zeal  seek  seethe  scenery  sien- 
na senior  thieves  meek  oatmeal  mealy  repay  reek  (wreak)  be- 
reave wreathe  revere  weep  weaken  weedy  wean  (ween)  cheeky 
achieve  wheeze  believer  believing  unbelief  unbeliever. 

3.  Bins  abyss  bilge  billowy  pithy  pickax  picnic  pink  pillage 
giddy  dizzy  dimly  fib  figs  affix  filch  shin  shilling  ethics  tnicken 
amiss  lives  living  liver  livery  linen  lineality  linear  lingo  links 
(lynx)  lily  limbo  lynch  rims  jimmy  chimney  whims  avaricious 

4.  Gig  gingham  gill  kip  kin  kiln  digging  Dixie  oddity  ditto 
divinity  differ  din  tiptoe  tipsy  attic  tinny  fishy  easily  sip  sick- 
ish  sicken  sieve  sinew  sinking  amity  myth  minnow  mink  mimic 
milky  remiss  ribbon  rigging  arid  avarice  rink  wig  wins  (wince) 
winnow  jig  jiffy  gin  agility  chicken  chin  whiz  bewitch  pigeon 
visage  avidity  outlive  without  withal  witty  willingly  unwilling- 
ness hereby  herein  hereof  herewith  thinking  things  solidity. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

5.  Most  of  the  simple  consonant  sounds  unite  closely  with  a 
following  r,  forming  double  consonant  sounds,  called  the  r-series 
of  compounds.  These  are  very  frequent,  illustrate  an  impor- 
tant fonetic  feature  of  the  language  and  should  be  carefully 
studied  and  understood  by  those  who  wish  to  become  familiar 
with  its  elements  and  their  relations  and  uses. 

6.  To  represent  these  double  sounds  the  student  is  not  re* 
quired  to  learn  new  letters,  but  those  already  learned  are  mod- 
ified by  means  of  a  small  hook  at  the  beginning,  on  the  left  or 
under  side  of  straight  consonants,  and  in  the  inside  of  curves, 
called  the  r-hook,  and  used  to  represent  them.  These  hooked 
letters  are  used  in  the  beginning,  middle  and  end  of  words, 
wherever  these  double  sounds  occur,  tho  in  the  ends  of  words 
the  sounds  represented  by  the  hooked  letter  are  usually  spoken 
separately  but  without  a  vowel  between  them.  This  will  be 
understood  by  contrasting  the  pronunciation  of  br  in  break, 
pr  in  price,  etc  with  ber  in  lumber,  per  in  temper,  etc.,  but  the 
representation  of  both  by  the  hooked  letter  is  sufficiently  ac- 
curate for  all  practical  purposes.  The  rule  is  to  use  these 
hooked  letters  only  when  the  two  consonants  form  a  true  dif- 
thong,  but  occasional  violations  of  this  rule  occur  in  practice 


60  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

when  a  more  easily  written  outline  for  a  frequently  occurring 
word  can  thereby  be  secured,  as  shown  in  7-a,  12-a-e,  etc.,  in 
which  the  making  of  the  vowel  thru  the  hooked  letter  indicates 
that  it  is  to  be  read  between  the  two  consonants  represented 
by  the  hooked  letter.  It  is  not  the  usual  practice  to  write  the 
vowel  in  such  cases,  and  this  use  of  the  hooked  letters  should 
be  restricted  to  very  frequently  occurring"  words  and  those 
containing  enuf  other  letters  to  make  the  word  definite.  The 
hooked  letter  should  not  be  used  in  such  words  as  bear,  pour, 
fire,  vaiy,  etc.  The  r-hook  is  enlarged  to  express  a  following  I, 
as  shown  in  the  words  5-e-i-m,  8-n,  11-n,  13-o-r,  IS-r-s-u. 

7.  The  use  of  this  small  hook  on  b  for  br  is  shown,  in  the  be- 
ginning, middle  and  end  of  words,  from  2-n  to  5-c;  on  p  for  pr, 
in  like  manner,  is  shown  S-n  to  8-m;  on  g  for  yr,  8-0  to  10-i; 
on  k  for  kr  [cr),  lO-m  to  12-n;  on  d  for  dr,  12-o  to  13-n,  and  on 
t  for  tr,  13-s  to  15-o. 

^  KEY  TO  LESSON  9. 

1.  Brother  (remember)  barrel  lahpr  principle  (principal  per) 

pp)per  ptcoblem   (probable)   practice   prelimfnary   gar- 
nishee car  (care).  v 

2.  Carry  correct  curve  tariff  dear  (deerH  brief  break  (brake) 

brave  brain  broke  (brook).  r 

3.  Brick  bridge  bring  breath  brag  brass  branch  brush  bribe 

brown. 

4.  Fiber  embrace  member  membrane  neighbor  lumber  tim- 

ber chamber  rubber  robber. 

5.  Arbor  jobber  (jabber)  umbrella  liberal  illiberality  pray 

(prey)  prepay  prepaid  premium  preach  (approach). 

6.  Propose  prepare  probate  produce  prettj'  press  precious 

prejudice  perhaps  prior  (prayer). 

7.  Perpetuity  promise  price  prime  praise  (prays  preys)  ap- 

prove propriety  upper  oppress  paper  (pauper). 

8.  Book-keeper  dipper  (dapper)   shipper  (shopper)    temper 

(tamper)  reproach  parallel  agree  gray  grave  gracious. 

9.  Grace  (graze  grays)  grain  grieve  green  grow  grass  (gross) 

eager  degree  bigger  (beggar)  progress. 

10.  Vigor  vinegar  sugar  meager  cream  creep  chromo  crib 

crack  crop. 

11.  Cross  (cares  cars)  courage  cry  crime  crone  (crane)  crawl 

acre  across  (acres)  crew  (accrue)  occur. 

12.  Procure  (pricker)  decree  encourage  encroach  liquor  (lucre 

lacquer)  hickory  dream  draw  drop  (drip  droop)  dread. 

13.  Dress  (address)  dry  drive  during  drunk  (drink  drank)  dredge 

(drudge)  drill  droll  tray  (trey)  trace  (trays). 

14.  Train  tree  treaty  track  tramp  (trump)  trap  (troop)  truck 

(trick)  true  truth  trunk. 

15.  Try  tribe  trip  utter  atrocious  debtor  (daughter)  entry 

trial  trail  neutral.  ^ 


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BUSINJ^SS  SHORTHAND.  •  65 


LESSON  10. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  3. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  princi- 
ples illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  4  and  previous  Lessons. 

1,  Babes  base  (bass  bays  baize)  urbane  pagan  pathos  pace 
(pays)  painless  campaign  payer  gaze  gayly  cape  cake  caveat 
chaos  canoe  cage  dale  Dane  (deign)  dainty  detain  vague  ren- 
ovate vase  veil  (vail  vale)  phase  deface  famous  defame  feign 
(fane  fain)  shaky  shady  sago  sane  maze  (maize  May's)  mania 
mainly  Mary  nape  "nave  (knave)  namely  lave  lacing  rapacious 
radius  ratio  ravine  raving  raise  (rays  race)  rainbow  rainy  waif 
wavy  awaken  ways  (weighs)  wane  (wain)  jade  Jane  chasten 
chafe  chary  betake  making  American  favoring  favored  fa- 
vorite favors  voracious  veracious  fallacious  nefarious  alias. 

2.  Beck  beckon  bedlam  bevy  beverage  bell  (belle)  bellow  eb- 
ony peg  peck  apex  poet  poem  penny  penance  pelt  pellet  pelf 
epidemic  den  delve  derrick  edit  edifice  ten  tenacious  tenure 
tenth  tenon  terror  terrier  terrific  terrace  vex  venom  ferries 
fetch  shelf  thence  mesh  omen  amen  annex  nephew  knell  web 
legacy  leaven  leverage  lemon  wretched  unerring  hen  hedge 
jet  Jesse  (Jessie)  Jennie  (jenny)  jelly  jealous  chess  caress  envoy 
entity  elbow  elegy  elk  elf  Elsie  Ellen  efficiency  represented 
representing  representative  regularly  regularity  irregular. 


^EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

3.  2-111  to  3-u  show  how  vr  is  written  in  the  middle  and  end 
of  words,  it  does  not  begin  words. 

4.  4-a  to  5-n.  show  how/r  is  written  in  the  beginning,  mid- 
dle and  end  of  words. 

5.  5-0  to  6-s  show  how  shr  is  written  in  the  beginning,  mid- 
dle and  end  of  words.  To  make  this  character  the  hook  is 
placed  on  the  r-element  of  the  compound,  written  downward, 
to  avoid  the  awkward  character  which  would  result  from  an 
attempt  to  make  the  hook  on  the  left  or  convex  side  of  sh.  In 
the  words  6-u  to  8-i  this  same  character  has  the  power  of  chr. 
The  sounds  are  so  similar  to  shr  that  no  confusion  or  illegibil- 
ity arises  from  this  extended  use  of  the  hooked  character. 
The  large  hook  on  the  downward  r,  shown  in  the  words  8-m- 
n-o.  implies  a  preceding  n — nchr. 


64 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


6.  8-r  to  0-i  show  how  zhr  is  written  in  the  middle  and  end 
of  words,  it  does  not  begin  words.  It  is  like  the  .s7tr,  explained 
above,  exce])t  in  the  matter  of  emfasis  and  shade  and  is  gov- 
erned by  the  same  rules.  In  9-m  to  10-n  this  character  has 
the  power  of  jr,  same  as  explained  above  of  chr,  and  in  10-o-r 
the  enlarged  hook  implies  a  preceding  n — njr. 

7.  10-s  to  12-u  show  how  nr  is  written  in  the  middle  and  end 
of  words,  it  does  not  begin  words. 

8.  13-»-c  show  the  use  of  thr  (spoken)  in  the  middle  and  end 
of  words,  it  does  not  begin  them,  and  13-e  to  o  show  the  use  of 
thr  (whispered)  in  words. 

9.  13-r  to  14-11  show  the  use  of  the  shaded  I  for  Ir,  and  14-o 
to  15-u  show  the  use  of  mr  in  the  "beginning,  middle  and  end 
iof  words.     It  is  not  a  difthong,  there  is  a  vowel  between  the 

id  r  in  most  of  the  words. 


KEY  TO  LESSON  10.) 


•^ 


Together  altogether  whatever  vice  president  overwhelm 
overcharge  forever  from  shrinkage  Mr.   ;  J// 

Nature  large  (learn)  year  (your)  general  ever  (overjj^every 
everything  cover  recover  endeavor. 

3.  Driver  (drover)  bravery  giver  river  waver  variety 

verify  variance  varnish. 

4.  Free  freight  fresh  phrase  (fries)  frame  frog  frank  afraid 

offer  defraud. 
6.    Defray  suffer  (safer  cipher)  decipher  rougher  referee  re- 
frain shrink  shrewd  (shroud)  sure  (assure  share )  usher. 

6.  Surety  surely  sheriff  pressure  cashier  luxury  beneficiary 

judiciary  washer  cherish. 

7.  Charm  butcher  rupture  (rapture)  preacher  departure  tem- 

perature creature  picture  lecture  teacher. 

8.  Treachery  voucher  feature  future  venture  furniture  cen- 

tury treasure  luxurious  seizure. 

9.  Measure  erasure  leisure  usury  jury  germ  germane  journey 

sojourn  adjourn.  ^.-^ 

10.  Perjure  forger  major  majority  ledger  soldier  danger  man- 

ager (manger)  owner  honor.  ^' 

11.  Near  (nor)  narrow  nerve  north  energy  enrage  enrich  un- 

righteous enormous  banner. 

12.  Gamer  (gunner)  ignore  corner  (coroner)  dinner  (donor)  tin- 

ner (tenor)  finer  sinner  (signer)  manner  (miner  minor 
meaner)  winner  generous. 

13.  Other  gather  three  through  throw  (throe)  thrive  through- 

out allure  lard  (lord)  alarm. 

14.  Taylor  (tailor)  teller  collar  (choler  caller)  familiar  jailer 

jeweler  merit  marsh  mourn  marry  (merry). 

15.  Merge  margin  march  demurrer  demurrage  enamor  nu- 

merous rumor  farmer  (firmer)  hammer  (hemmer). 


7     J 


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7    Z«  t),e  /Joturr  4th*COS«Z    Tire  or  ihiee.  "^       T4f*e  or  four. 

"■^A-ru  artd  t^r'^o      ^  Oi,ef  and  ober         )     Of er  and  above 
Pra  m  cfa^  io  daif  I //w/w  hnt  e  ft>  time  — '^'^^'^fime  ^ ihetfeor. 


a 


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i 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  67 

LESSON  U. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  4. 

Write  the  following"  words  in  accordance  with  the  princi- 
ples illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  5  and  previous  Lessons, 

1.  Alms  army  arg^ue  tardy  afar  farce  balm  palmy  calves 
carp  cargo  carve  carcass  tar  tarnish  char  jar  charged  charg- 
ing charges  remarking. 

2.  Apathy  apple  acme  addle  adder  adage  attache  ambush 
Arab  patch  gap  cabbage  cabin  captious  capacious  dash  tap 
tan  tallow  van  fag  fathom  famish  famine  fan  fang  fallacious 
fairy  affair  unfair  sang  sank  sally  sallow  satchel  their  there- 
by thereupon  thereon  thereof  therewith  thereto  therein  Mc 
(Mac  Mack)  mash  mammoth  magic  lag  lackey  lacks  (lax)  lass 
lasso  lance  lank  languish  latch  ravish  ravenous  rang  rank  rar- 
ity rarefy  rarely  ratchet  wag  beware  unawares  whereupon 
wherein  whereof  whereon  wherewithal  Yankee  hack  hash 
Harry  (hairy)  Japan  jag  chap  chaplain  chart;  averaged  averag- 
ing averages  avalanche  advantages  advantageous  thanking 
thanks  thankless  anatomy  having. 

3.  Bag  bass  ban  banish  banana  bang  bearing  (baring)  barely 
pansy  pang  parry  gangway  gallop  cavity  catholic  cam  cameo 
camel  camera  candy  cannon  (canon)  caravan  sham  chamois 
lamb  ramify  ham. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

4.  Referring  to  explanations  made  in  Lesson  9  in  regard  to 
the  r-hook  series  of  compounds,  the  same  explanations,  substi- 
tuting I  for  r  and  locating  the  hook  on  the  right  and  upper 
side  of  straight  consonants  and  inside  of  curves,  with  some 
slight  modifications,  as  explained  in  individual  cases,  will  in- 
form you  in  regard  to  another  important  series  of  double  con- 
sonants called  the  l-series  of  compounds. 

5.  2-m  to  6-r  show  the  use  of  bl  in  the  beginning,  middle  and 
end  of  words.  It  is  used  almost  uniformly  for  the  termina- 
tions able  and  ible.  The  hook  is  enlarged  to  express  a  follow- 
ing r,  as  shown  in  1-e,  S-n. 

6.  6-s  to  8-Ti  show  the  use  of  pi  in  the  beginning,  middle  and 
end  of  words;  the  large  hook  in  8-i-n  reads  plr. 

7.  9-a  to  u  ^how  ths  use  of  gl  in  the  beginning,  middle  and 


68  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

ead  of  words;  the  enlarged  hook  in  10-a  reads  glr. 

8.  10-c  to  12-n  show  the  use  of  kl  [d]  in  the  beginning,  mid- 
dle and  end  of  words;  the  enlarged  hooks  in  12-o  to  u  read  l-lr. 

9.  13-a  to  14-c  show  the  use  of  ill  in  the  middle  and  end  of 
words.  It  does  not  begin  words,  where  so  written  there  is  a 
vowel  between  the  d  and  I,  and  the  hooked  character  is  used 
to  secure  greater  brevity  or  better  joinings  in  frequent  words. 
The  hook  of  dl  must  be  made  large  to  distinguish  it  from  J. 

10.  14-e  to  15-u  show  the  use  of  tl  in  the  middle  and  end  of 
words.  It  does  not  b^gin  words,  and  the  hook  must  be  made 
large  to  distinguish  it  from  ch. 

^  KEY  TO  LESSON  U. 

1.  Bill  (able)  vegetable  boiler  honorable  poverty   applicable 

plaintiff  glory  (gallon)  telegraph  (telegram)  call  (coal). 

2.  Collect  capital  (capitol)  reply  pleasure  able-bodied  blaze 

blame  bleach  (blotch)  blue  (blew)  blow. 

3.  Billing  (blowing)  bills  (bliss  bless)  black  blank  bluff  block 

blush  (abolish)  oblige  bible  (babble  bubble)  payable. 
•4,     Capable  agreeable  cable  (cobble)  amicable  double  (dabble 

edible  due-bill)  table  trouble  verbal  favorable  movable. 
i,-6r'Terishable  negotiable  humble  amiable  gamble  (gambol) 

gambler  grumble  admirable  marble  enable  (unable). 
o.    Noble  salable  mailable  durable  terrible  way-bill  (wabble) 

legible  (eligible)  illegible  plea  please  (pleas  police). 

7.  Play  plays  (place)  plain  (plane)  plan  plank  policy  plow 

plucky  pledge  ply  (apply).  "    ^_. 

8.  Applaud  people  (pupil  papal)  couple  coupler  cripple(  ex-j 

plore  deeply  supply  ample  replenish.  v_.  - 

9.  Gleam  gloomy  glow  glimpse  glass  (gloss)  glue  eagle  ugly 

angle  legal. 

10.  Burglar  claim  proclaim  clean  cloak  close  clothes  clause 

(claws)  clip  calico. 

11.  Class  (calls)  clever  (cleaver  clover)  club  cloth  climb  (clime) 

culture  collateral  o'clock  local  luckily. 

12.  Enclose  foreclose  enclosure  technical  mechanical  miracle 

color  (clear)  clerk  declare  peculiar. 

13.  Dull  delay  delight  deliver  delicious  dollar  (dealer  duller) 

delirious  (dolorous)  idle  (idol)  bridle  (bridal)  peddle  (pedal 
puddle  poodle). 

14.  Bundle  medal  (meddle  muddle  middle)  tell  (till)  tolerate 

battle  (bottle)  brittle  (brutal)  cattle  (cuttle)  detail  title 
(total  tattle)  vital. 

15.  Fatal  (futile)  efficiently  metal  (mettle  mottle)  mutilate 

mortal  (myrtle  marital)  promptly  until  (nettle  natal) 
rattle  (retail)  retaliate  utility. 


Tjl 


C  T3elon  ho. r  U  73iil  if  L Oiling.  P  Frcm ^lacelcJfLee 

^—Tt  mil  ^-1  To  law.  1^^^  leave: 

^~~i  To  iilfe.  ~~^      IT/Z/elbi^^Prchcrltj  'V^7/^<f7-<r*r</ii<?/ir<'«j 

^-^iXesotiahle Jja^Hr^^  /lnUjfdt4.f  leased   ^^In  rejtlj^ic 

^^  ?  -y  j  -  -- 1 1-^^  L./*-  --i-  ^y^i-/ 

^  .^-^^^ .-^-\/^^  "UV.^i^'-S  =-7  V^)c  <^^ 


ti 


VA/-~1^^-^  -/ 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  71 


LESSON  12. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  5. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  princi- 
ples illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  6  and  previous  Lessons. 

1.  Bows  (beaux)  bogus  boldness  borne  borer  boatswain  pope 
poke  potentate  potential  potency  pony  poach  depose  copious 
cone  atone  vogue  focus  foes  foam  forego  forthcoming  forth- 
with forage  divorce  zone  ozone  soapy  sofa  solo  solidity  solidify 
sore  (soar  sower)  mope  moldy  molten  loaf  alone  cologne  lowly 
loathe  loath  (loth)  rope  rotate  rose  (rows)  arose  romance  up- 
roar roach  woes  yore  hoary  hose  (hoes)  obese  opaque  ocean 
Job  jolt  Aurora. 

2.  Goal  gory  cocoa  coax  (cokes)  cove  dose  domain  door  adore 
toady  toes  (tows)  torn  tory  shows  shoal  shorn  mows  knoll  rogu- 
ish rove  hoax  chore. 

3.  Buck  button  buffet  rebuff  buss  bunk  burrow  (borough)  bur- 
nish birch  budge  puppy  puppet  pugnacious  puff  pulp  pulse  perch 
gully  cub  covet  coming  undone  dunce  (duns)  tonnage  turf  de- 
ter aver  virgin  affirm  furrow  shun  shirk  sully  sulky  sullen  muff 
monkey  mummy  muddy  mutton  lug  lucky  lovely  lunch  lungs 
divulge  defer  ruffian  emerge  wrung  (rung)  hug  honey  hung 
unearthly  worry  worthless  worthy  worthiness  adjudge  junk 
chubby  chunk  herb  earthen  earnings  urchin. 

4.  Gulf  gulch  girth  cuff  cull  cur  (Kerr)  dug  dove  dirk  dearth 
dirge  tuck  muck  myrrh  murky  chum  churn  oven  onus  odious. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

5.  2-c  to  4-in,  show  how  vl  is  written  in  the  middle  and  end 
of  words,  it  does  not  begin  words.  The  enlarged  hook  shown 
in  3-i  reads  vJr. 

6.  4-n  to  8-c  show  how  J?  is  written  in  the  beginning,  middle 
and  end  of  words.  It  is  used  uniformly  for  the  termination  Ati. 
To  form  this  character  the  hook  is  placed  on  the  downward  I, 
to  avoid  the  awkward  character  that  would  result  from  an 
attempt  to  place  the  hook  on  the  convex  side  of  /.  The  en- 
larged hook,  shown  in  8-e-i,  reads  ^^>". 

7.  S-m-n  show  the  usual  way  of  writing  zhl  in  the  middle  and 
end  of  words.  The  two  letters  being  easily  made  at  one  stroke, 
there  is  no  gain  in  using  a  hooked  character  to  represent  them. 
The  combination  is  of  comparatively  infrequent  occurrence. 


7$  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

8.  8-o-r  show  shl  written  as  a  hooked  character.  As  in  the 
case  of  zhU  above,  there  is  little  gain  in  using  the  hooked  char- 
acter in  these  words,  the  two  fully  written  letters  are  equally 
correct  and  as  easily  written. 

9.  8-8  to  10-n  show  the  use  of  the  large-hooked  n  for  nl  in 
the  middle  and  end  of  words. 

10.  lO-o,  a  large-hooked  w,  written  upward,  is  used  for  m-l 
with  a  short,  intermediate  vowel,  in  a  few  words,  and  also  for 
the  prefix  multi. 

11.  lO-r  to  11-i  show  the  w-hook  enlarged  to  express  a  follow- 
ing Z,with  an  intervening  vowel  usually  written  on  the  end  of 
the  large-hooked  w\  ll-m-n-o,  ll-r  to  12  -e  and  12-m  to  r  show 
the  hooks  of  hw  (xch),  y  and  h  enlarged  in  the  same  way  for  the 
same  purpose. 

12.  IS-B  to  15-u  show  r  shaded  to  express  a  following  I. 

^.  KEY  TO  LESSON  12. 

1.  Beneficial  partial  acknowledge  value  vulgar  usual    while 

failure  original  world. 

2.  English  valley  (volley)  valid  valve  vilify  villain  evil  oval 

approval  gravel  (grovel). 

3.  Develop  devolve  travel  (trivial)  traveler  revival  frivolous 

shovel  civil  removal  novel. 

4.  Level  lively  arrival  rival  (ravel  reveal)  revolver  flavor 

ftame  fluid  (filled)  flow  (floe)  flaw. 

5.  Flash  (flesh  flush)  flag  (flog)  flax  (flux)  flock  (flake)  flight 

(flat)  fly  fill  (fall  full)  fulfill  fallen  (flown)  awful. 

6.  Baffle  careful  dreadful  needful  doubtful  delightful  trifle 

frightful  (fruitful)  shuffle  (wishful)  thankful. 

7.  Faithful  shameful  painful  sinful  lawful  willful  rifle  (raffle 

ruffle)  powerful  fearful  reproachful. 

8.  Watchful  chiefly  floor  flour  (flower)  casualty  unusual  social 

marshal  (martial)  only  unless. 

9.  Analyze  analogy  knowledge  penalty  diagonal  canal  (ken 

nel)  colonel  (kernel  carnal)  denial  tunnel  eternal. 

10.  Venal  funnel  final  nominal  renewal  channel  multiply  wail 

(wale)  well  welcome. 

11.  Wealth  wool  wolf  woolen  whale  wheel  whelp  yell  yield  an- 

nual. 

12.  Manual  genial  (emulate  hole  (whole)  holy  (wholly)  hell  help 
health  rail  reel  (real). 

13.  Rule  roll  (role)  rely  relieve  relief  release  relic  relish  realm 

ruler. 

14.  Railway  religion  reliable  (rulable)  early  barley  (burly)  bu- 

rial pearl  (purl)  puerile  girl  really 

15.  Reality  relate  relative  pay-roll  moral  demoralize  enroll 

unreliable  funeral  (funereal)  whirl. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


75 


\. 


LESSON  13. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  6. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  7  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Booty  booth  booming  boon  (Boone)  baboon  boor  boorish 
pool  poorly  goose  coop  uncouth  coon  coolly  (cooly)  courier  toot 
twos  tomb  shoes  sooty  soothe  moody  minutiae  moose  Moore 
(moor)  news  (noose)  newly  newel  (Newell)  lose  (loose)  loom  il- 
lume lunacy  ruby  rouge  uniformly  uniformity  unanimity. 

2.  Bouquet  book-keeping  bushy  bully  bullet  bulletin  pudding 
pulley  pussy  cuckoo  cookey  nook  outlook. 

3.  Gaudy  gauzy  calk  born  daub  debauch  dawn  adorn  torch 
shawl  salt  malt  laws  nauseous  warp  warmth  warmly  warrior 
wharf  horn  jaws  chalky. 

4.  Auburn  balky  pawn  Paul  (pall  pawl)  appall  fawn  fauna 
yawn  accordingly  forgive  forgiven  forgiving  formality  form- 
erly deformitj^  reformer. 

5.  Cog  cogitate  topic  autopsy  toddy  tossing  Tom  dogma  dofif 
doll  folly  column  solve  solemn  offshoot  omniscience  homage 
noxious  novice  anomaly  anonymous  jog  jockey  chop. 

6.  Bob  bog  pop  poppy  epoch  gong  cob  collapse  don  tonic 
tongs  fop  foggy  fox  sob  sock  song  thong  mop  mock  lop  log 
lock  logic  objected  objective  objecting  popularity  unpopular. 


EXPLANATION   OF   PRINCIPLES. 

7.  S  unites  with  a  following  pktf  in  nl  doad.  w,  forming 
double  consonant  sounds,  called  the  s-series  of  compounds. 
The  s  in  such  cases  is  uniformlj^  represented  bj'  a  small  circle 
made  on  the  right  or  upper  side  of  the  straight  letters,  struck 
in  the  direction  contrary  to  the  movement  of  the  hands  of  a 
clock,  and  in  the  inside  of  curved  letters,  formed  with  the 
same  movement  which  makes  the  curve.  It  should  be  made 
small,  exact  and  neatl}-.  The  loop  shown  in  1-c-i-r  and  2  -a, 
expresses  an  st  and  is  used  here  as  a  means  of  distinction.  Z 
at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  always  written  with  the  full,  al- 
fabetic  letter,  never  with  the  circle. 

8.  2-c  to  3-a,  3-c  to  4-c  and  4-e  to  7-e  show  how  s^p,  sk  [sc' 
and  St  are  written  in  the  beginning  of  words. 


76  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

9.  7-i,  7-m  to  8-e,  8-i  to  n,  8-0  to  9~e  and  9--i  to  10~c  shovs 
how  sf  (uph),  sm,  sn,  si  and  sw  are  written  in  the  bejrinuing^  of 
words.  It  should  be  noticed  that  si  may  be  written  either  up- 
ward or  downward,  as  may  be  most  convenient,  and  that  the 
hook  of  the  ?c  is  closed  into  a  circle  for  the  s-u.\ 

10.  10— e  to  15— u  show  how  to  write  a  class  of  frequently  oc- 
curring words  in  which  there  is  a  vowel  spoken  between  the 
circles  and  the  consonant  to  which  it  is  attached.  The  words 
are  of  such  frequent  occurrence  that  only  the  vowels  neces- 
sary for  purposes  of  distinction  are  written. 

11.  SI  is  used  for  the  prefix  self  in  13-u  and  14--a. 


f 


KEY  TO  LESSON  13. 

1.  Subject  establish  speak  (special)  stipulate  superintendent 

expenditure  signify  suggest  save  (several)  sufficient. 

2.  Yesterday  space  spacious  (specious  species)  speech  speck 

(spoke)  span  spare  spike  spice  spurious. 

3.  Spell  (spool  spoil)  scale  school  skill  skillful  scheme  scarce 

(scars)  skin  scan  scoundrel. 

4.  Scare  (score  scour)  sketch  (Scotch)  stab  step  steep  stoop 

(stop)  stay  steeple  (stopple)  stake  (steak)  stick. 

5.  Stack  stuck  stock  stout  stood  (stud  stead)  study  (steady) 

stave  stove  stiflf  steam. 

6.  Stamp  (stump)  stone  (stun  stain)  stale  steel  (steal)  stole 

stall  steer  starve  store  stairs  (stares). 

7.  Stir  sturdy  storm  sphere  smuggle  smoke  smash  smooth 

smith  small. 

8.  Smaller  smell  smile  snow  snap  snug  (snag)  sleep  slip  slim 

slope. 

9.  Slack  slave  sly  sway  swell  sweep  swap  (swoop)  swim  swing 

swore. 

10.  Swear  switch  sublime  suburban  suppose  subpoena  superior 

signal  signature  escape. 

11.  Said  (sad)  sudden  (sadden)  sat  (set  sit)  city  severe  (savior) 

savage  safe  suffice  (suffuse)  soften  suffrage. 

12.  Season  says  (size)  south  some  (sum  seem  same)  sym.pathy 

simple  (sample)  something  similar  summer  summary. 

13.  Summon  (salmon)  sun  (son  sin)  sense  censure  single  singu- 

lar sink  (sunk)  sell  (cell)  salvage  (selvage)  selfish. 

14.  Self-denial  seller  (cellar)  salary  (celery)  sir  sorrow  sorry 

source  (sirs)  sirup  (syrup)  surprise  circle. 

15.  Circular  serve  survey  survive  service  serene  serious  series 

(Ceres)  search  surmise. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  14. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  7. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  princi- 
ples illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  8  and  previous  Lessons. 

1.  Dike  diet  dies  (dyes  dice)  dial  tidy  untidily  ties  entice 
tine  mica  mice  demise  nice  nine  Nile  liken  liking-  alive  lies 
(lice)  lion  Lisle  lilac  outline  ripen  arise  writhe  unwise  wily 
gibe  whine  itemize  ivory. 

2.  Dime  dire  tire  tyro  attire  mire  wiry  chime  Irish  iris. 

3.  Buys  pike  pica  piety  pious  pilot  beguile  archives  devise 
vile  vial  (viol)  violin  five  fife  defile  fiat  Zion. 

4.  Buyer  environs  fire-arms  fire-works  undivided  untie. 

5.  Dews  (dues  deuce)  adduce  educe  dual  duel  views  diffuse 
fugitive  ensue  dilute  mutiny  music  June  juvenile  juicy  jewel 
chews  puny  oppugn  cubic  dupe  attune  solitude. 

6.  Coining  coyly  coyness  turmoil  adjoin  rejoin  toys  noisy 
boyish  foil  poise  devoid. 

7.  Bows  (boughs)  bowery  bowels  douse  (dowse)  cows  (coun- 
ties county's)  cower  carouse  vows  avowal  sour  mouse  (mows) 
dower  towel  rowdy  rouse  (rows)  bounteous  pouch  vouch  gouge 
denounce  allowable. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

8.  2-a  to  8-u  show  how  the  circle  for  z  is  written  between 
consonants.  2-a-c-e  between  straight  lines  in  the  same  di- 
rection the  circle  is  made  on  the  right-hand  side  of  perpen- 
dicular and  inclined  consonants  and  on  the  upper  side  of  hor- 
izontals; 2-i  to  3-0,  between  straight  lines  that  join  at  an  an- 
gle the  circle  should  always  be  made  on  the  outside  of  the  an- 
gle; 3-r  to  7-e,  between  a  straight  line  and  a  curve  the  circle 
is  always  made  in  the  inside  of  the  curve,  and,  7-i  to  8-ti,  be- 
tween two  curves  facing  in  the  same  direction  the  circle  is 
made  in  the  inside  of  both.  In  7-u,  and  other  like  words,  the 
hooked  compound,  nr,  is  used  for  unre. 

9.  9-a  to  15-u  the  circle  represents  s,  and  the  classification 
is  the  same  as  above:  9-a  to  10-u,  between  straight  lines  in 
the  same  direction  the  circle  is  made  on  the  right  or  upper 


80  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

side,  and  11-a  to  IS-u  ,  the  circle  between  two  straijjiit  con- 
sonants that  join  at  an  angle,  is  always  made  on  the  outside 
of  the  angle. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  14. 

1.  Post-office  proximo  prospect  expect  respect    executive 

against  exorbitant  designate  distinguish. 

2.  Disdain  reserve  reservoir  positive  positively  opposite  de- 

posit preside  (praised  prized)  raised  (roused  reside)  i:£S::^ 
idue 

3.  Wisdom  desire  deserve  discern  preserve  observe  surprised 

bosom  (besom)  presume  (prism)  presumptuous. 

4.  Sarcasm  resume  closing  misery  miserable  poison  prison 

presence  (prisons)  newspaper  cousin  (cozen). 

5.  Dozen  (design  disown)  dishonest  dishonorable  citizen  trea- 

son anxiety  reason  (risen  resign)  reasonable  raising  (ris- 
ing rousing)  embezzle. 

6.  Puzzle  proposal  auxiliary  dazzle  dissolve  resolve  p^rugal 

wisely  civilized  visible. 

7.  Feasible  vast  (voiced  vest)  usage  refusa.1  muslin  damsel 

nozzle  (nasal)  losing  unison  unreasoning. 

8.  Sophism  socialism  atheism  organism  mechanism  museum 

mesmerize  amusing  (amazing)  crimson  Joseph. 
9     Bespeak  postpone  prospective  prospectus  excuse  micro- 
scope decide  (dazed)  dust  (dosed  deceit)  audacity  desti- 
tute. 

10.  Distasteful  destiny  test  (taste  tacit)  attest  trust  (truest 

traced)  just  (jest  gist)  digest  adjust  resource  (razors)  re- 
search. 

11.  Brisk  (brusk)  besides  subside  subsidy  post  (pieced  paced 

past)  pressed  (priced  priest)  obstacle  obstinacy  abstain 
substitute. 

12.  Substantial  publicity  absorb  proceed  (precede)  procedure 

postage  placed  paucity  (pasty)  capacity  duplicity. 

13.  Simplicity  gasp  (gossip)  gospel  guest  (guessed  ghost  gust) 

gusto  disgust  graced  (grist)  sagacity   grocer  (grosser) 
cross-bill  (crucible). 

14.  Taxable  expeditious  expose  exposure  expel  expire  cross- 

purpose  exceedingly  accede  (accused)  cost  (coast  cast). 

15.  Accost  accustom  crusty  disobey  disbelief  (disbelieve)  dis- 

able disperse  dispose  dispel  (disciple)  despair  (disappear). 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  S3 

LESSON  15. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  8. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  9  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Breeze  breathe  bravado  brace  (brays  braze)  breathless 
brassy  broom  broach  broth  brawl  breach  (breech)  brim  brink 
brandy  bronze  brewery  brother-in-law. 

2.  Abbreviate  outbreak  abridge  bribery  debris  fabric  fibrous 
limber  laborer  laborious  robbery  barber  barbarous  harbor. 

3.  Prairie  prune  probe  propitious  prick  prince  prong  pry 
prejudice  prize  (pries  apprise)  primary  prudential  pretentious 
premise  prejudicial  perfidy  pernicious  partake  permeate. 

4.  Opprobrious  apron  apropos  appropriate  capricious  cop- 
per cooper  depress  deeper  vapor  superb  hamper  whimper  re- 
produce hopper  principles  (principals)  principally  unprinci- 
pled property  properly  probably  paralysis  paralyze  prolific 
prolong  prolix  temporal  prelude  prelate  corporal  corporeal. 

5.  Greek  greedy  greasy  grievance  grief  gruff  grape  group 
growth  grown  (groan)  growing  grove  grip  gritty  grimy  grin 
grab  gravity  granite  grudge  gorgeous. 

6.  Egress  egregious  agreeing  aggravate  begrudge  program 
diagram  tiger  cigar  engross  engrave  negro  rigor  growl. 

7.  Creek  (creak)  crease  crave  crow  crank  crook  crash  crush 
crazy  chronic  crown  crevice  crier  crutch  courageous. 

8.  Ochre  baker  backer  broker  breaker  packer  poker  pucker 
kicker  cracker  crockery  dicker  decrease  decorum  ludicrous 
talker  Tucker  ticker  sicker  sucker  thicker  maker  meeker 
mocker  democracy  recourse  recur  wrecker  worker  weaker 
Walker  cruelly  cruelty  pickerel  mackerel  mercurial. 

9.  Dreary  drapery  drainage  drove  drawer  drag  drugs  dregs 
drum  dram  (drachm)  drawback  drawn  drown  drayage  odor  re- 
dress dearly  dearer  endear  endeared  endearing  reindeer. 

10.  Trap  treat  treatise  tricky  trim  trashy  trying  trickery 
trapper  trooper  torpedo  truck  trier  truly  triumph  tragedy 
trench  betray  obtrude  perpetrate  untrue  penetrate  retreat 
portray  portrait  putrid  entreat}'  trill  trellis  patrol  petroleum 
guttural  electoral  nostril  neutrality  neutralize  portrayal. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

11.  This  Lesson  illustrates  still  further  how  the  circle  for  k 


84  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

is  written  between  consonants:  2-a  to  4-u  show  the  circle 
written  on  the  outside  of  the  angle  between  two  straig^ht  con- 
sonants; 5-a  to  10-u  show  the  circle  written  between  a  curve 
and  a  straight  line,  inside  the  curve;  11-a  to  15-e  show  the 
circle  written  between  two  curves  made  with  the  same  move- 
ment of  the  hand,  inside  both  curves,  and  15-i  to  u  show  the 
circle  written  between  curves  which  require  a  reversal  of  the 
movement  of  the  hand  between  them.  In  such  cases  the  circle 
is  usually  made  inside  the  first  curve  and  outside  the  second: 
this  combination  is,  however,  of  infrequent  occurrence. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  15.    __  _ 

1.  Testify  first  and-so-forth  (etc.  &c.)  falsehood  domestic  un- 

reasonable elsewhere  legislature  resemble  useful 

2.  Dispatch  disguise  desk  (disk  dusk)  discover  discuss  (disks 

desks)  disorganize  task  (tusk)  trespass  tracer  aforesaid. 

3.  Respectable  respectful  risk  rescue  rascal  recede  rest  (rust 

receipt  raced  wrist)  restore  arrest  tourist. 

4.  Pursue  pursuit  (poorest  pierced)  cursed  (coursed)  curiosity 

scarcity  forced  (fairest  foresight)   worst  west  (waste 
waist)  whisky  whilst. 

5.  Abusive  obscene  basis  passive  oppressive  specify  possess 

process  (precise)  person  passing  (piecing  pacing). 

6.  Classify  excess  access  (nvis)  success  maximum  excellence 

deceive  disfavor  disfigure  disadvantage. 

7.  Tussle  (tassel  itself)  receive  parcel  (parasol)  releasing  jus- 

tify divest  vast  (vest  voiced)  velocity  veracity  (voracity) 
festival. 

8.  Fast  (feast  faced  fist  fussed)  offset  frost  easiest  suicide 

(secede)  thanksgiving  most  (must  mussed  mist  missed 
mast  massed  moist)  mistake  molest  promissory. 

9.  Misrepresent  misrule  sensible  honest  sensitive  nonsuit  un- 

skillful generosit}'  amongst  answer. 

10.  Sincerely  sincerity  financier  lucid  last  (lost  lest  laced)  list 

(least  leased)  enlist  elicit  solicit  (solaced)  celestial. 

11.  Vessel  (vassal)  vacillate  diversifj'  emi)hasize  emphasis  fos- 

sil (facile)  facility  atmosphere  loathsome  decisive. 

12.  Submissive  muscle  (mussel  missile  missal)  himself  morsel 

dismissal  famously  mason  miscellaneous  mucilage  enor- 
mously. 

13.  Unassuming  lonesome  ransom  unseen  nuisance  nonsense 

senseless  pencil  (pensile)  cancel  tensile. 

14.  Stencil  yourself  useless  judiciously  disadvantageously  les- 

sen (lesson  loosen  listen)  license  (looseness  lessens  les- 
sons listens)  larceny  wholesale  wholesome. 

15.  Philosophy  falsify  philosopher  (falsifier)  vicinity  fasten 

mercenary  unsafe  repulsive  offensive  defensive. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  t-7 

LESSON  16. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  9. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  10  and  preceding  Lessons' 

1.  Overawe  overbalance  overbearing  overpower  overcome 
overdo  overtake  overtime  overshoe  overshadow  oversee  over- 
sight overload  overlay  overlook  overreach  overwork  moreover 
evermore  everliving  verity  wherever  whichever  avoirdupois 
verbose  verbiage  verdancy  vortex  beaver  engraver  uncover 
diver  Dover  tavern  trover  shaver  shiver  savor  sever  sovereign 
mover  knavery  lover  rover  reverie  reverential  perverse. 

2.  Freak  frees  (freeze  frieze)  freely  freer  froze  frill  frock 
fry  frown  fractious  fracas  frothy  France  French  frenzy  frail 
frolic  frigid  afresh  affray  effervesce  pharmacy  fervency  fer- 
vor buffer  briefer  coffer  deafer  sufferer  camphor  loafer  refresh. 

3.  Shriek  shrunk  shrine  shrubbery  glacier  crusher  fiduciary 
fresher  shore  sea-shore  enshrine  censure  harsher  cheerfully 
pitcher  capture  architecture  tincture  juncture  ditcher  richer 
torture  forfeiture  naturally  naturalize  unnatural  ill-nature. 

4.  Azure  ozier  treasury  treasurer  perjury  perjurer  ganger 
drudgery  verdure  forgery  wager  jerk  granger  lounger  ginger. 

5.  Narrative  nervous  nourish  nurse  anarchy  enervating  un- 
ripe unremitting  pioneer  ignoramus  trainer  thinner  demean- 
or domineer  runner  burner  foreigner  forerunner  joiner  remu- 
nerate degenerate  unregenerate  singer  hanger.  Bother  (bath- 
er) otherwise  thrash  throb  throng  throne  (thrown)  overthrow. 

6.  Layer  lower  (lore)  liar  (lyre)  lure  lurk  lurid  solar  healer 
miller  jewelry  bachelor  taller  shriller  learned  learning  larger 
largely  enlarge  familiarize  familiarly  familiarity  unfamiliar. 

7.  Mercury  mercy  mirth  murmur  marine  mariner  mourner 
mirror  demur  demure  drummer  dreamer  temerity  remorse 
armor  (Armour)  armory  humor  humorous  hemorrhage  tumor. 

EXPLANATION  OF   PRINCIPLES. 

9.  The  circle  is  made  on  the  left-hand  side  of  p  and  the  un- 
der side  of  k  and  t,  at  the  beginning  of  those  letters,  to  ex- 
press the  trifthongal  consonant  sounds  spr,  skr  (scr)  and  str, 
both  initial  and  medial  in  words. 

10.  1-8  to  3-m  show  how  spr  is  written  in  words— 2-o  to  3-c 
showing  its  use  for  the  prefix  super — in  S-ni  the  r-hook  must  be 


88  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

shown,  and  in  3-n-o  the  circle  is  placed  on  the  left-hand  side 
of  b  for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  distinction  in  these  frequent 
words. 

11.  3-r  to  5-i  show  how  skr  is  written  in  words, 

12.  5-m  to  8-ni  show  how  str  is  written  in  words— in  the  last 
two  words  of  this  reference  the  direction  of  the  consonants  is 
such  that  it  is  necessary  to  show  the  r-hook,  and  in  8-n-o  the 
circle  is  written  on  the  under  side  of  d  for  .srZr. 

13.  8-r  to  13-i  show  the  circle  written  inside  the  various 
hooks.  The  circle  should  be  made  small  and  care  taken  not 
to  distort  the  hooks,  as  distinctions  between  words  often  de- 
pend upon  their  relative  sizes. 

14.  13-m  to  15-r  show  the  use  of  a  loop  for  kst  and  ext  and  in 
the  last  two  words  this  loop  is  used  for  gst. 

"KEY  TO  LESSON  16. 

1.  Secure  secretary  administer  disturb       remonstrate  illus- 

trate request  strength  spree  spray. 

2.  Spring  (sprung)  spry  supper  suppress  supreme  supremacy 

supersede  superstitious  supervise  supervisor. 

3.  Superfine  superfluous  prosper  prosperity  whisper  sober  gp- 

bjiety  scrape  scrip  scripture. 

4.  Scrap  scruple  scream  scramble  skirmish  scratch  (screech) 

screw  obscure  secrecy  scrub  (scribe). 

5.  Subscribe  prescribe  describe  excrescence  stray  straighten 

(straiten)  stratum  strain  stream  straw. 

6.  Strip  struggle  (straggle)  stroke  (struck)  stricture  strike 

stride  straddle  strive  strife  strong. 

7.  String  stringer  stress  strictly  stretch  stranger  prostrate 

destroy  distress  demonstrate 

8.  Administrator  register  magistrate  mistrust  restrain  sad- 

der desideratum  posture  (pasture)  express  expressive. 

9.  Expressly  disapprove  disapproval  reciprocity  disagree  dis- 

agreeable disgrace  discourage  deceiver  receiver. 

10.  Prisoner  passage  discharge  message  mischief  misuse  cross- 

wise displeasure  passenger  messenger. 

11.  Possible  (passable)  plausible  pistol  postal  exclaim  exclu- 

sively display  discipline  disclaim  disclose. 

12.  Disclosure  extol  (Castile)  costly  explicit  distill  still  (settle 

style)  stylish  peaceful  blissful  graceful. 

13.  Merciful  unmerciful  personally  amusingly  (amazingly)  cus- 

tody custodian  custom   (costume)  customary    custom- 
house extensive. 

14.  Extensively  extinguish  extra  extreme  external  exterior 
•     boxed  (biggest)  book-store  dexterity  taxed  (text). 

15.  Texture  fixed  fixtures  mixed  mixture  next  forecast  weak- 

est druggist  drug-store. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  91 


UBSSON  17. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  10. 

Write  the  following'  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  11  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Bleak  blameless  bloom  blemish  blown  blur  bleach  ably 
able-bodied  gable  gobble  navigable  irrevocable  doubly  audi- 
ble eatable  veritable  feeble  fable  affable  sociable  appreciable 
blamable  preamble  ramble  rumble  jumble  abominable  nimble 
rabble  rebel  rubble  endurable  venerable  jubilee  irreproacha- 
ble waybills  tumbler  grumbler  tabular  tubular  globular  warbler 

2.  Plague  player  pliable  plug  plumber  plainer  (planer)  pul- 
verize applause  pilgrim  pilfer  propel  propeller  perplex  grap- 
ple deeply  deploy  diploma  deplore  topple  overplus  crumple 
dimple  temple  trample  rumple  replace  replevin  pleasurable 
sharply  replies  replied  replying  employe  unemployed  reemploy 

3.  Glean  glib  glum  globe  glove  glaze  glare  (glair)  glazier 
bugle  giggle  frugal  legalize  illegally  wiggle  juggle  joggle  glo- 
rious glorify  gloried  telegraphic  telegrapher  telegraphy. 

4.  Clique  clay  clothier  clinch  cling  clap  clash  clog  culpable 
clew  cloudy  clumsy  calamity  clamor  cleanse  cleaner  cholera 
clung  clutch  college  buckle  diabolical  pickle  tropical  procliv- 
ity methodical  tickle  tackle  vocal  shackles  physically  sickle 
sickly  cyclone  fiscal  thickly  chemical  numerical  nickel  knuckle 
nucleus  chronicle  t5'rannical  frankly  reckless  reclaim  recall 
foreclosure  logical  ocular  secular  vascular  muscular  jocular 
alkali  weekly  collected  collecting  collective  collector  recollect 

5.  Dilapidated  delayed  deluded  deleterious  dilatory  deluge 
boodle  rapidly  cradle  credulity  fidelity  saddle  remodel  needle 
candle  kindle  ladle  riddle  curdle  waddle  widely. 

6.  Brutality  subtile  reptile  entitle  vitality  victuals  fatally 
fatality  subtle  subtlety  settle  unsettled  versatility  metallic 
ventilate  mantle  (mantel)  volatile  foretell  fertile  fertility 
portly  wattle  whittle  whittlings  chattel. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

7.  This  Lesson  illustrates  further  uses  of  the  circle.  3-r  to 
7-r  show  the  use  of  the  circle  with  vowels.  A  careful  study 
of  the  word-forms  will  give  a  better  understanding  of  them 


98  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

than  would  the  study  of  any  description.  Care  should  be 
taken  to  make  the  circle  small  and  not  distort  the  vowels. 
With  practice  these  can  be  made  with  quickness  and  accu- 
racy, and  their  use  makes  the  words  definite. 

8.  7-8  to  11 -c  show  the  use  of  the  double-sized  circle  for  s-s, 
s=^  with  a  short  vowel  between  them. 

9.  11-e  to  15-u  show  the  use  of  the  circle,  usually  at  the  end 
of  the  word,  and  on  the  left  or  under  side  of  straight  letters 
only,  at  their  ends,  to  express  a  following  mice,  ence  or  «ess; 
made  double  size  it  reads  ances  or  ences. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  17. 

1.  Astonish  almost  absence  responsible  temperance  expense 

experience  experienced  ignorance  significance. 

2.  Recognize  (recognizance)  extravagance  accordance  cur- 

rency defense  admittance  deliverance  attendance  ref- 
erence solvency. 

3.  Business  suspect  society  satisfy  themselves  ourselves  your- 

selves gainsay  hearsay  assayer. 

4.  Mason  erase  aspire  ask  acid  (aside)  assets  assume  assem- 

ble assimilate  assign. 

5.  Assignee  assignor  assail  asylum  assuage  east  austere  fore- 

see bull's-eye  ice-cream. 

6.  Glassy  glossy  proxj'  flimsy  fallacy  rosy  mercy  diplomacy 

auspicious  whoso. 

7.  Lawsuit  hospital  hostile  howso  outside  outset  ensue  mu- 

sic bosses  (busses)  blesses. 

8.  Suspicious  auspices  exist  glasses  (glosses)  progresses  crosses 

classes  boxes  accessible  successor. 

9.  Dresses  (addresses)  sustain  sustenance  assess  assist  assess- 

or assessing  system  necessity  necessary, 

10.  Necessarily  resist  exercise  offices  offenses  dissatisfied  en- 

thusiastic enthusiasm  misses  (masses  messes)  promises. 

11.  Losses  (loses)  sources  abeyance  disturbance  remembrance 

resemblance  dispense   appearance    disappearance   ap- 
pliance. 

12.  Correspondence  response  expenses  expensive  glance  for- 

giveness negligence  elegance  repugnance  arrogance. 

13.  Occurrence  occurrences  weakness  correctness   audience 

prudence  precedence  evidence  residence  non-residence. 

14.  Substance  pretense  assistance  existence  distance  resist- 

ance remonstrance  perseverance  reliance  assurance. 

15.  Assurances  once   (ones)  chance  chances  diligence   alle- 

giance occupancy  agency  emergency  urgency. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND  j)5 


LESSON  18. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  11. 

Write  the  following-  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  12  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Valuable  voluble  voluptuous  volcano  validity  valise  vil- 
lainous vulnerable  evolve  bevel  gavel  devil  frivolity  civility 
civilize  uncivil  marvelous  novelty  naval  anvil  carnival  jovial 
shrivel  shrievalty  revolve  vulgarity  cavalry  chivalry  rivalry. 

2.  Fleece  (flees  fleas)  flue  (flew)  flows  (floes)  flowing  fling  flash 
flush  flounce  flabby  flap  fleshy  flame  phlegm  flank  flung  offal 
afflatus  affluence  affiliated  fallible  fallacy  befall  buffalo 
playful  wakeful  pitiful  bountiful  overflow  youthful  mouthful 
triumphal  mournful  wrongful  unlawfully  woful  joyful  flourish 
flooring  floral  trifler  muffler. 

3.  Nullify  analogous  analytic  annals  penal  panel  colonial 
venality  vanilla  finallj'  thinly  marginal  ammonial  granulated. 

4.  Mellow  melody  mulberry  malleable  mulatto  maltreat 
mail-train  malevolence  militia  malicious  melancholy  millen- 
nium milliner  millennial  multitude  multifarious. 

5.  Wall  well-being  welfare  bewail  farewell  unwell  unwieldy 
Wheeler  whaling  wheelbarrow  awhile  worldly  worldliness. 

6.  Yellow  yelp  yawl  yolk  bibulous  populous  populace  eulogy 
unyielding  nebula  nebulous  amulet  tremulous  depopulate. 

7.  Relapse  relax  rollicking  relevance  irrelevance  ruling  un- 
ruled railery  religious  oral  apparel  nonpareil  plural  purlieu 
purloin  girlish  gorilla  Carl  carol  curly  coral  corollary  darling 
virile  overrule  unfurl  ferule  fairly  primarily  memorial  laurel 
aerial  realty  garrulous  editorial  territorial  dictatorial  may- 
oralty morality  moralize  ephemeral  admiral  neuralgia  reroU. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

8.  Referring  to  page  31,  paragraf  2,  wherein  is  mentioned  a 
law  in  regard  to  the  association  of  sounds  in  speaking,  light 
(whispered)  consonant  letters  are  made  half  length  to  imply 
a  t  immediately  following  and  without  an  intervening  vowel; 
see  apt,  packed,  gift,  pitshed,  etc.  The  same  principle  of  abbre- 
viation IS  extended  to  include  consonant  letters,  both  whis- 
pered and  spoken,  where  there  is  a  vowel  between  such  con- 
sonant and  the  following  t.  In  such  cases,  wherever  practic- 
able, the  vowel  should  be  written.  This  makes  the  written 
word,  tho  greatly  abbreviated,  as  legible  as  tho  written  in  f  ulL 


96  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

9.  In  2-xi  is  illustrated  a  termination  device  used  by  some 
writers — that  of  representing^  ality  by  its  initial  vowel,  short  a. 
It  may  be  used  in  such  words  as  brutality,  locality,  reality,  etc. 

10.  There  is  also  illustrated  in  the  Lesson  *he  additional  pre- 
caution, adopted  by  some  writers,  of  tapering-  to  ^  point  a 
shaded  consonant  when  made  half  length  to  imply  a  follow- 
ing t.  If  up  to  this  point  you  have  been  careless  as  to  the 
length  of  the  letters  in  your  practice  writing-,  you  must  now 
train  your  hand  to  exactness  in  this  direction  and  make  the 
necessary  distinctions  in  length.  While  these  letters  may 
not  be  made  precisely  half  length  they  must  be  made  enuf 
shorter  than  full-length  letters  so  the  distinction  shall  be  well 
marked,  and  enuf  longer  than  the  dash  vowels  so  that  no  un- 
certainty shall  arise  from  this  source.  To  make  a  dash  vowel 
it  is  only  necessary  to  feel  the  pen  or  pencil  start  in  its  proper 
direction,  moving  just  far  enuf  to  fix  the  direction  and  char- 
acter of  the  stroke. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  18. 

1.  Beauty  built  distribute  part  party  appurtenances  appa- 

ratus politics  political  accept. 

2.  Liberty  captain  bankrupt  guilt  (gilt)  guilty  legality  great- 

ness market  court  distinct. 

3.  Difficult  duplicate  triplicate  recapitulate  abut  abate  about 

habit  bought  beautiful. 

4.  Bottom  better  blight  exhibit  corroborate  debate  debit  de- 

liberate tribute  liberate. 

5.  Celebrate  rebate  arbitrary  apt  pit  put  pet  acceptance 

apart  operate. 

6.  Particle  particular  partner  platform  participate  purport 

deceptive  dispute  adopt  (adapt)  depart. 

7.  Desperate  kept  except  corrupt  co-operate  corporate  ex- 

pert (export)  script  stopped  (stepped  stooped)  stripped. 

8.  Shipped   (shopped)   spot  spirit  sport  (support)   separate 

sprout  repeat  repute  report  gate  (gait). 

9.  Aggregate  delegate  regulate  grateful  get  forget  regret 

figurative  negative  act. 

10.  Active  actively  acute  actual  crate  create  cotton  catalog 

cottage  pact  (packed). 

11.  Pocket  aspect  prosecute  persecute  speculate  exact  exe- 

cute calculate  deduct  ticket. 

12.  Strict  district  vacate  victim  fact  affect  effect  effectual 

defect  secret, 

13.  Secrete  security  democrat  looked  (locked)  locate  delicate 

elect  select  reflect  erect. 

14.  Direct  rectify  circuit  circulate  educate  reject  date  vote 

cultivate  culvert. 

15.  Elevate  fit  foot  fight  fruit  flight  shaft  soft  fatigue  gift. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  09 

B  0.  BAKER 

LESSON  19. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  12. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  13  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Speedy  spear  spark  spoon  spool  Spanish  spine  spun  spur 
spurn  spire  speechless  spiral. 

2.  Skein  scoop  scope  skip  skiff  skim  scoff  scanty  scalp  scorn 
scorch  scourge  sky  scowl  scour  skull  (scull)  skeleton  scurrilous. 

3.  Steerage  stainless  staying  stage  star  starch  stows  story 
storage  stalk  sticky  stiffen  sting  stigma  stagger  staff  stew 
studio  studious  stubborn  stubble  stumble  stupefy  stoppage 
steeper  steeple  steadily  steadiness  stuff  stays  stem  stamina 
stony  stated  stench  stung  stealth  stultify  stern  stitch  stimu- 
late stimulus  sterile  sterling. 

4.  Spherical  smoky  smutty  smack  smirch  smudge  smutch 
smuggler  sneeze  sneer  snake  snail  snowing  snore  snappish 
snipe  snub  snob  sneak  snuff  snare  snatch  snarl. 

5.  Sleepy  sleeper  sleeve  (sleave)  sliver  slay  (sleigh)  slavery 
slain  slaying  (sleighing)  sloop  sluice  slow  (sloe)  slab  slap  slag 
slash  slam  slumber  slums  slang  slice  slime  slop  slug  slovenly 
slough  slung  sledge  slouchy. 

6.  Sways  swathe  swain  swaying  suavity  swath  soiree  swarm 
Swiss  swine  swoon  swung  swallow, 

7.  Subdue  subdivide  submerge  suburbs  sabbath  sagacious 
escutcheon  sex  suck  succumb  psychic  secular  sedate  seditious 
seduce  suddenly  settee  set-to  set-off  satin  satan  satanic  sati- 
ety satellite  seven  savant  souvenir  severely  safety  simplify 
seems  sums  summing  sameness  somehow  summarize  sumptu- 
ary sympathize  simultaneous  sausage  sunrise  sensual  synony- 
mous sanity  sanitary  sung  sanguine  sanguinary  sanctity  sanct- 
uary salutary. 

8.  Surreptitious  surpass  surplus  circus  surveyor  servitude 
survivor  surviving  servile  surf  (serf)  surfeit  surface  surname 
surloin  seraph  surcharge  serenity  seriously  seriousness  surly 
surgeon  surgical  surgery  sorrowful  sordid  sordidness. 


100  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

9.  This  Lesson  still  further  illustrates  the  application  to 
consonants  of  the  half-length  principle  to  imply  a  following «. 


KEY  TO  LESSON  19. 

1.  Locality  virtue  somewhat  approximate  certificate  certify 

notwithstanding  remittance  witness  automatic. 

2.  Hereto  distinguished  substantiate  benefit  default  draft 

(draught)  drift  lift  laughed  left. 

3.  Swift  sheet  shut  shout   appreciate  negotiate   associate 

suitable  desist  thoughtful. 

4.  Meet  (meat  mete)  mate  estimate  might  (mite)  omit  sub- 

mit permit  admit  remit  motive. 

5.  Promote  remote  prompt  presumptive  exempt  sometime 

(symptom)  sometimes  (symptoms)  attempt  mutual  note. 

6.  Notify  night  (knight)  unite  net  absent  present  pleasant 
*      paint  patent  significant. 

7.  Exonerate  decent  (descent)  faint  (feint  fount)  front  scent 
•    (sent  cent)  sentence  assent  (ascent)  senate  assassinate 

native. 

8.  Scientific  anticipate  antic  (antique)  antipathy  antagonist 

recent  (resent)  relent  warrant  late  latent. 

9.  Desolate  violate  light  slight  (sleight)  obsolete  absolute 

resolute  let  lot  slot. 

10.  Felt  fault  little  ult.  ultimate  ultimatum  result  rate  arbi- 

trate prorate. 

11.  Pro  rata  ameliorate  deteriorate  retain  pertain  ascertain 

pertinent  wrote  (rote)  root  (route)  rot. 

12.  Wrought-iron  write  (rite  wright  right)  writ  written  rot- 

ten art  article  artist  start  heart  (hart). 

13.  Ratify  exert  desert  (dessert)  dirt  assert  sort  assort  dis- 
f'     tort  resort  escort  (skirt). 

14.  Retort  extort  courtesy  effort  severity  virtually  virtuous 

short  shortest  charity. 

15.  Exaggerate  yet  situate-d  (saturate-d)  statute  await  wit 

sweat  wheat  whet  what. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  103 

LESSON  20. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  13. 

Write  the  following'  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  14  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Razor  hesitate  housed  exude  hogshead  closet  desirable 
disarm  presidency  presidential  appraiser  non-observance  bar- 
barism spasm  pauperism  presumable  dismal  methodism  dis- 
honor treasonable  reprisal  chisel  unwisely  uncivilized  usurp 
muzzle  denizen  venison  cognizance  miasma  mesmerism. 

2.  Perspicuity  precipitate  prospectively  cask  excusable  de- 
cidedly undecided  dusty  tastily  methodist  detest  deceitfully 
distemper  distillery  foretaste  trusty  trustee  atrocity  majesty 
majestic  justice  joist  chest  chastity  chastise  racer  sorcerer. 

3.  Bask  (basque)  beside  subsidize  subsidiary  embassador  best 
boast  bust  beast  baste  (based)  beset  breast  abreast  obesity  ab- 
stinence robust  subserve  placid  outpost  post-mark  pastime 
upset  upstairs  prestige  depressed  oppressed  oppressor  repast 
rapacity  keepsake  multiplicity  aghast  aggressor  glycerine 
flexible  tax-payer  expedite  pestiferous  exceed  crisp  crusade 
caustic  costly  key-stone  excite  excitable  excited  exit  sixty 
sixteen  sexton  outcast  Christ  (crest  crust)  cursory  disbar  des- 
picable despise  predisposed  disparage  disgorge  dusky  produ- 
cer disrespect  disrelish  purchaser  telescope  trespasser  notice- 
able forcible  rasp  recipe  respective  irrespective  respectively 
respectfully  forceps  risky  burlesque  rusty  rustic  restless  aris- 
tocracy erased  burst  versed  forest  ferocity  thirst  theorist 
somerset  farcical  forestall  wasp  wisp  wasteful  worsted  whist. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

4.  Consonant  letters,  representing  spoken  sounds,  are  made 
half  length  to  imply  a  following  d,  without  an  intervening 
vowel,  as  in  robed,  ck>aged,  received,  named,  send,  old  board,  etc. 
This  halving  principle  is  also  extended  to  include  consonant 
letters  representing  whispered  sounds,  in  which  cases  there 
is  a  vowel  between  such  letter  and  the  following  d,  which 
vowel  should  be  written  on  the  end  of  the  halved,  light  letter 
where  practicable.  Practically  no  difficulty  is  experienced 
in  reading  from  using  the  half  length  letters  to  imply  both  d 
and  t;  for,  in  most  cases,  but  one  of  the  implied  letters  could 
be  used  and  make  a  word. 

5.  M,  n.  I  and  r  are  shaded  when  made  half  length  to  imply 
a  following  d.  Leaving  these  letters  light  when  halved  to 
imply  a  following  t,  and  shading  them  when  halved  to  imply  a 
following  d.   enable   us   to  make  distinctions  between  such 


lOi  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

words  as  made  and  mctte,  need  and  mat,  laid  and  late,  ride  and 
write,  etc.  The  letter  iny  is  never  made  half  length,  but  this 
shaded,  halved  character  is  always  nd 

6.  13-r  to  15-u  gives  a  short  list  of  words  of  one  syllable  in 
which  the  halved  letter  is  followed  by  both  d  and  t.  There  is 
little  danger  of  confusion  in  reading  as  the  vowel  is  written 
and  the  choice  is  narrowed  down  to  one  of  two  words.  If, 
however,  the  student  is  doubtful  of  his  ability  to  read  the 
words  in  which  both  letters  are  so  implied,  he  should  write 
the  more  frequently  used  word  in  the  abbreviated  form  and 
the  less  frequent  word  in  full  until  practice  develops  sufficient 
confidence  and  skill  to  enable  him  to  use  the  words  as  given, 

KEY  TO  LESSON  20. 

1.  Body  build  (billed)  building  buildings  pulled  gold  called 
(cold  killed)  credit  carload  liquid. 

2.  Told  toward  merchandise  remedy  beyond  referred  ordin- 

ary ordinance  extraordinary  blood. 

3.  Breed  everybody  somebody  anybody  nobody  robbed  (robed 

rubbed)  pride  (pried)  proud  coupled  speed. 

4.  Spread  rapid  guide  good  goodness  gradual  degrade  regard 

glad  gladness  (gladdens). 

5.  Could  cried  crude  crowd  record  sacred  cloud  preclude  ex- 

clude schedule. 

6.  Wicked  wickedness  trade  dried  saved  perceived  deceived 

received  dissolved  resolved. 

7.  Preserved  deserved  freedom  classified  should  shade  shed 

shadow  shared  (assured)  made  (maid). 

8.  Mode  (mowed)   modest  (midst)  modify  madam   (medium) 

formed  assumed  named  behind  defend  (defined)  descend. 

9.  End  hand  loaned  (land  lend)   island   send  (sand)  unsound 

round  (rained  reigned)  around  surround  reasoned. 

10.  Window  field  gild  (guild)  hailed  old  (hold  holed)  laid  (lade) 

led  load  (lode)  loud  slide. 

11.  Lead  keeled  skilled  seldom  rode  (road  rowed)  ride  rod  bird 

(board  bored)  burdensome  period  (peered). 

12.  Appeared  expired  guard  card  desired  atford  radical  (radi- 

cle ridicule)  read  (reed)  hard  cord  (chord). 

13.  Accord  discord  third  railroad  measured  wood  (would)  width 

Bowed  (bode  boat)  bad  (bade  bat)  bed  (bet). 

14.  Bid  (bit)  broad  (brought)  bride  (bright)  bleed  (bleat)  paid 

(pate)  plaid  (plat  Platte)  played  (plate  plait)  God  (got) 
grade  (great  grate)  code  (coat). 

15.  Dead  (debt)  treed  (treat)  stayed  (staid  state)  strayed  (strait 

straight)  feed  (feet  feat)  fraud  (fraught)  fried  (fright) 
thawed  (thought)  wide  (wight)  wade  (weighed  weight 
wait). 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  107 


LESSON  21. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  14. 

Write  the  following-  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  15  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Blasphemy  blossom  basin  obeisance  blessing  bustle  obso- 
lete absolve  perceive  pacify  pacific  specific  capsize  dispossess 
placing  pusillanimous  priceless  gossamer  guessing  glisten 
grossly  aggressive  progressive  vigorously  vexatious  unsuc- 
cessful crisis  axiom  Christmas  buxom  maxim  f  ac-simile  irk- 
some casing  castle  excel  closely  book-seller  delusive  decease 
dismay  dismiss  dismantle  decimal  meddlesome  decency  dress- 
ing docile  disloyal  dislodge  tossing  derisive  recess  tiresome 
arsenal  arsenic  pursuance  receivable  variously  prodigiously 
justifiable  rejoicing  unrighteousness  vouchsafe. 

2.  Frisky  fresco  flask  serviceable  devastate  vested  diversity 
traversed  travesty  perversity  vivacity  anniversary  festivity 
fastidious  steadfast  breakfast  deficit  felicitate  falsity  social- 
ist busiest  noisiest  laziest  basest  saucer  admissible  misgiving 
promiscuous  namesake  misdeed  misdemeanor  uppermost  ut- 
most misty  musty  chemist  mustache  molest  animosity  unmis- 
takable municipality  ransack  fancied  rancid  linseed  honestly 
sunset  tenacity  amnesty  nicety  against  nonsuit  unsuitable 
unsteady  unsightly  sincerity  unanswerable  lisp  elucidate  enr 
list  lustily  unbalanced  solicitude  solicitous  largest  yeast, 

3.  Diffusive  facilitate  fee-simple  phosphorous  missive  mass- 
ive advantageously  humorsome  domicil  maliciously  misnomer 
remorseless  unseemly  nonsensical  nestle  unsalable  counsel 
council  chancellor  enslave  colossal  toilsome  loosely  fastening 
usefully  usefulness. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

4.  Straight,  consonant  letters  are  made  half  length  and 
ended  with  a  small  hook  on  the  right  or  upper  side  to  imply  a 
following  a??/,  ent,  and,  end.  The  hook  is  made  on  the  left  or 
under  side  of  half-length,  straight  consonants,  at  the  end,  to 
imply  nt,  ml,  preceded  by  the  other  vowels  and  dif thongs. 
The  small  hook  is  made  in  the  inside  of  half-length,  curved 


108  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

consonants,  at  the  end,  to  imply  a  following-  nt,  nd,  preceded 
by  any  of  the  vowels  or  vowel-dif thongs,  as  shown  in  the  Les- 
son. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  21. 

1.  Applicant  occupant  opponent    apprentice    penitentiary 

plenty  could  not  can  not  mercantile  subsequent. 

2.  Frequent  delinquent  extravagant  accident  appointment 

government  document    acknowledgment  bond   (bound 
bind)  bonds  (bounds  binds). 

3.  Abound  abundant  blind  brand  husband   abandon   opened 

happened  pending  depend. 

4.  Suspend  correspond  respond  grind  (ground)  kindness  kindly 

second  seconds  dividend  attend. 

5.  Attendant  pretend  turned  stand  find  (found  fond  fund)  re- 

fined (refund)  signed  (sound)  remind  examined  diamond. 

6.  Demand  remand  returned  adjourned  appoint  disappoint 

aspirant  print  repent  recipient. 

7.  Plant  (planned)  elegant  litigant  account  discount  discounts 

client  clients  vacant  don't. 

8.  Prudent  president  (precedent)   disobedient  evident  resi- 

dent attentive  assistant  event  servant  affiant, 

9.  Patient  ancient  violent  affluent  excellent  rent  apparent 

current  agent  gentle. 

10.  Merchant  want  (won't)  went  bend  (band  bent)  penned  (pan- 

ned pent  pant)  pound  (point)  grand  (grant)  kind  (count) 
kinds  (counts)  tend  (tent). 

11.  Extend  (extent)distend  (distant)  friend  (front)  mind  (mount) 

mend  (manned  meant)  amend  (amount) mental  abutment 
basement  establishment. 

12.  Apartment  disappointment  reappointment   payment  ex- 

periment shipment  development  supplement  appraise- 
ment fragment. 

13.  Argument  agreement  disagreement  claimant  endowment 

statement  treatment  settlement  astonishment  excite- 
ment. 

14.  Movement  punishment  moment  amendment  amazement 

assessment  sentiment  assignment  announcement  post- 
ponement. 

15.  Ornament  embankment  employment  measurement  assort- 

ment garment  element  adjustment  judgment  attach- 
ment. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  Ill 

LESSON  22. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  15. 

Write  the  following-  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  16  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Sprain  sprawl  spruce  sprays  sprightly  sparkle  supremely 
supersedeas  supercilious  supervene  superficies  superficial  su- 
pernumerary superannuated  supernal  prosperous 

2.  Escrow  scribble  ascribe  superscribe  obscurity  scraper 
scrupulous  screen  secretly  execrable. 

3.  Strawberry  strap  stripe  outstrip  streak  stratify  strategy 
strategical  stratagem  strove  streamer  strenuous  strung 
strongly  stretched  astray  astronomy  awestruck  bestride  ab- 
struse obstreperous  duster  distressed  distrust  destroyer  admin- 
istrative administratrix^  frustrate  rostrum  adjuster  registry 
Chester  taciturn  startle  ostrich  outstretched  homestretch. 

4.  Possibly  supposable  irrepressible  briskly  classical  exclu- 
sive splash  crystal  reciprocal  disgraceful  discourse  discursive 
decisively  disuse  offspring  massacre  exigency  disobliging  dis- 
please forswear  persuasive  praiseworthy  misjudge  side-saddle 
wheresoever  whichsoever  moisture  gesture  expostulate 

5.  Castigate  ecstatic  ecstasy  extempore  extemporize  ex- 
temporaneous extensive  extinct  extrajudicial  extirpate  ex- 
tricate extremely  extremity  exterminator  extraneous  exter- 
nal extrinsic  blackest  coaxed  dextrous  textile  pretext  trick- 
ster text-book  stickiest  strictest  vexed  sickest  thickest  down- 
cast rankest  longest  luckiest  slickest  huckster  quickest. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

6.  Consonant  letters  are  made  twice  their  usual  length  to 
imply  a  tr  or  dr  after  them.  The  vowel  which  comes  between 
such  letter  and  the  following  tr  or  dr  should  be  written  wher- 
ever practicable.  • 

7.  2-a  to  5-e  show  straight  consonants  lengthened  to  imply 
tr:  2-11  to  u  show  a  double-length  k  ending  with  a  small  hook 
on  the  upper  side  for  counter,  5-i-in.  show  straight  letters  doub- 
led to  imply  dr,  the  r  in  the  former  being  shaded  to  distin- 
guish rdr  from  rtr,  and  5-n-o-r  show  three  straight  letters 
lengthened  and  shaded  at  the  end  to  imply  a  following  ther. 

8.  5-u  to  11-u  show  curved  consonants  made  twice  their 
usual  length  to  imply  a  following  tr,  and  12-a  to  IB-a  show 


112  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

curved  letters  made  double  length  to  imply  a  following  dr. 
M,  n  and  I  are  shaded  when  made  double  length  to  imply  dr, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  same  letters  when  lengthened 
to  imply  tr 

5).  In  a  few  words,  15-c  to  u,  curved  consonants  are  made 
three  times  their  usual  length  to  imply  a  following  thr,  either 
spoken  or  whispered.  There,  their  may  be  expressed,  when  fol- 
lowing words  ending  with  a  curved  letter,  by  making  such 
curved  letter  three  times  its  usual  length.  See  examples  in 
Writing  and  Reading  Exercise:  also  the  other  in  f rases,  by  the. 
other,  in  the  other,  etc.,  lines  6  and  7  same  Exercise. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  22. 

1.  Builder  prohibitory  tributary  proprietor  splendor  prepon- 

derance spectator  meritorious  hundred  intermediate. 

2.  Operator  reporter  chapter  poultry  greater  (grater  grader) 

counterbalance  counteract  counterfeit  countersign  en- 
counter. 

3.  Actor  collector  speculator  prosecutor  executor   doctor 

doctrine  introductory  victory  factory. 

4.  Satisfactory  unsatisfactory  elector  character  director  au- 

ditor auditorium  writer  arbitrator  territory. 

5.  Charter  refrigerator  water  order  powder  rather  weather 

(wether  wither)  whether  (whither)  moderator  after. 

6.  Afternoon  afterward  softer  laughter  rafter  voter  veteran 

elevator  shatter  Easter. 

7.  Oyster  history  catastrophe  faster  (foster)  sister  disaster 

solicitor  depositor  repository  theater. 

8.  Meter  matter  mature  armature  maturity  material  mor- 

tar diameter  later  latter. 

9.  Letter  lighter  alternate  alter  (altar  halter)  illiterate  lit- 

erature adulterate  defaulter  smelter  enter. 

10.  Entertain  center  senator  niter  (entire)  notary  interrupt 

interpret  interrogatory  interrogative  intercourse. 

11.  Intersect  introduce  intercede  interest  (intrust)  interesting 

interview  int^fere  internal  interchange  interstate, 

12.  Under  undergo  undertake  understand  understanding  un- 

derstood undersigned  undersell  underneath  underlay. 

13.  Underwriter  undervalue  binder  blunder  (blinder)  plunder 

tender  cylinder  render  wonder  (wander)  endorse. 

14.  Endorsement  endorser  slender  surrender  hindrance  federal 

leader  older  (holder)  moderate  moderately. 

15.  Murder  father  (farther  further)  neither  (nether)  another 

mother  smother  leather  anthracite  philanthropy  phil- 
anthropist. 


b  ^ 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  116 


LESSOir  23. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  16. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  17  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Aspen  asperse  asperity  acidity  assiduous  ascetic  astute 
assuming  assemblj'  asleep  assay  acerbity  oasis  iceberg  Isaac 
isothermal  isinglass  Israel  asparagus  bonanza  erase  Austin 
allspice  Osborn  ostensible  ostentatious  galaxy  gazette  piazza 
prosaic  morass  ossify  puissant  pursuer  raciness  rosette  whip- 
saw  tea-spoon. 

2.  Sess-pool  assisted  assassin  possessor  abscess  business- 
like subsist  presses  synopsis  guesses  crossest  accessory  vexes 
fixes  mixes  predecessor  dissimilar  dissimilarity  trusses  vicis- 
situdes fences  fancies  synthesis  enthusiast  paroxysm  senses 
essences  glimpses  molasses  analysis  diagnosis  amanuensis 
Genesis  necessitate  ancestor  ancestry  ancestral  unseasona- 
ble unnecessary  forces  horses  persist  resuscitate  resistless 
irresistible  uses  yes  sir. 

3.  Bounce  semblance  exuberance  forbearance  turbulence 
pounce  dispenses  suspense  corpulence  expanse  responses  re- 
sponsive irresponsible  appearances  non-appearance  re-appear- 
ance glances  fragrance  flagrance  repugnance  askance  trucu- 
lence  recurrence  opulence  guidance  credence  evidences 
diffidence  durance  endurance  residences  tense  trance  trances 
utterance  substances  subsistence  pittance  pre-cxistence  non- 
existence penitence  entrance  remonstrances  non-resistance 
reverence  deference  adherence  tolerance  weakness  luxuri- 
ance divergence  effulgence  perchance  petulance  virulence 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

4.  The  use  of  a  small  hook  for  n  in  some  short  and  frequent 
words  and  in  some  longer  words  of  less  frequency,  as  shown, 
where  its  use  does  not  lessen  the  legibility,  adds  considerably 
to  the  ease  and  speed  of  writing.  In  3-o  to  n  the  hook  is  used 
to  advantage  for  l-n.  The  distinction  between  man  and  men, 
lines  four  and  five,  will  be  found  useful,  not  only  in  the  single 
words  but  in  the  derivatives  and  compounds.  12-o-r-s  illus- 
trate a  way  of  expressing  ndr,  used  by  some  writers. 

5.  13-a  to  14-n  show  the  use  of  a  small  hook  on  the  right  or 
upper  side  of  straight  consonants  and  inside  of  curves,  at  the 


116  BUSINESS  SHOBTHAND. 

end  of  the  word-form,  to  express  the  termination  yun  {ion,  une)\ 
it  occurs  in  but  few  words,  which  are  readily  mastered. 

6.  15-a  to  u  show  w  shaded  to  imply  a  foUowing^  nl. 

7.  In  line  4  and  following,  page  118,  is  a  brief  hook-method  of 
expressing  the  word  one  following  a  few  short,  frequently  oc- 
curring' words.  Thus  are  formed  some  very  common,  quickly 
spoken  f  rases,  which  must  have  very  easily  and  quickly  made 
forms  to  represent  them.  This  method  of  representing'  om 
should  be  confined  to  a  small  list  of  frequent  f rases,  as  given, 
and  no  attempt  made  to  represent  the  word  as  it  occurs  gen- 
erally, in  this  way. 

•KEY  TO  LESSON  23. 

1.  Obtain  opinion  explain  begin  begins  began  again  organ 

sugg"estion  question. 

2.  Questions  decline  scrutiny  turn  return  seen  (scene)  since 

monopoly  manufacture  testimony. 

3.  Cross-examine  certain  one  (won)  western  children  when 

broken  spoken  taken  reckon. 

4.  Man  business-man  bondsman  policeman  express-man  sales- 

man fireman  woman  workman  gentleman. 

5.  Men  (mean  mien)  business-men  bondsmen  policemen  ex- 
press-men salesmen  firemen  women  workmen  gentlemen. 

8.  Money  (many)  manipulate  mankind  mendicant  mandate 
mendacious  mandamus  maintains  (mountains)  mainte- 
nance minute. 

7.  Monetary  maintain  (mountain)    mountainous    monotony 

meantime  manifest  manufactory  manful  menace  mon- 
ster (minister). 

8.  Month  minimum  eminent  eminence  mineral  manila  exam- 

ine specimen  determine  culminate. 

9.  Criminate  discriminate  predominate  terminate  extermi- 

nate nominate  acrimonious  parsimonious  terminus  har- 
monious. 

10.  Harmonize  menial  criminal  testimonial  ceremonial  nomi- 

nal manliness  prominent  permanent  pre-eminent. 

11.  Prominence   permanence    pre-eminence    remain    human 

chairman  mistaken  certainty  certainly  uncertain. 

12.  Questionable  questioned  cross-question  southern  northern 

modern  reminder  remainder  calender  (calendar)  than. 

13.  Tribune  exhaustion  Christian  digestion  Italian  onion  un- 

ion disunion  dominion  genuine. 

14.  Pinion  canon  (canyon)  alien  alienate  bullion  rebellion  cii' 

vilian  million  fortune  unfortunate. 

15.  Word  (ward  wired)  award  warden  backward  awkward  up- 

ward onward  downward  reward  wayward. 


11T 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  119 

LESSON  24. 

SUPPLEMENTARY   EXERCISE   17. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  18  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Beautify  bottomless  verbatim  steamboat  thereabouts 
whereabouts  roundabout  debatable  exorbitance  British  elab- 
orate vibrate  brighten  brightens  brightness  tablet  tabulate. 

2.  Bankrupt  precept  skipped  skeptical  carpet  decrepit 
pulpit  optimist  capitulate  prescriptive  descriptive  post-script 
dipped  tipped  tapped  tripped  trapped  stooped  shaped  accept- 
able despotism  receptive  receptacle  respite  susceptible  exas- 
perate recuperate  protuberance  forepart  mapped  snapped 
leaped  slipped  sloped  slept  exculpate  reaped  rapt  (wrapped 
wrapt  rapped)  disreputable  abrupt  perpetual  swept  swapped 
operative  co-operative  culprit  partisan  copartner  sea-port 
portable  purport  perceptible  perceptive  split  replete  exploit. 

3.  Forgetful  forgotten  emigrate  regretfully  promulgate 
navigate  irrigate  corrugate  abrogate  mitigate  propagate  ob- 
ligate subjugate  gratify  gratis  gratitude  gratuitous  gritty. 

4.  Ached  activity  backed  booked  biscuit  basket  abdicate  lu- 
bricate musket  musquito  overcoat  re-enact  actually  bucketful 
bracket  poked  picket  packet  reciprocate  casket  coquet  tick- 
et-office exactness  kicked  cooked  predict  docked  docket  via- 
duct edict  addicted  talked  tact  (tacked)  stocked  tracked  (tract) 
spectacle  verdict  effective  effectually  defective  criticism  fic- 
titious suffocate  afflict  fluctuate  flocked  socket  sect  dissect 
skate  Scotland  scout  skittish  discreet  (discrete)  knocked  vin- 
dictive vindicate  syndicate  precinct  succinct  defunct  sanctum 
sanctify  punctual  leaked  licked  blanket  dislocate  medicate 
mulct  raked  erect  racket  react  architect  rocket  circuitous 
recruit  eradicate  derelict  walked  decorate  critic  desecrate 
accurate  practical  practicable  peculate  gesticulate  chocolate. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PRINCIPLES. 

5.  2-c  to  u,  zr,  sr  are  represented  by  the  circle  and  7*,  not  by 
the  hooked  z  and  s  as  in  the  case  of  compounds  of  the  r-sei-ies. 
This  leaves  the  hooked  z  and  s  unused  unless  taken  to  repre- 
sent some  other  combinations.  They  are  used  to  represent 
the  rather  infrequent  consonant  dif  thongs  dw  and  tuf,  as  shown. 

6.  3-a  to  7-ti,  in  English  the  sound  zh  seldom  occurs  except 
in  connection  with  n,  I  and  r,  in  which  cases  compound  char- 
acters are  used  to  represent  the  two  sounds.  Because  of  this 
the  character,  in  its  alfabetic  form,  is  used  to  represent  the 


120  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

two  sounds  ni,  shortening  some  very  frequent  words  and  not 
endangering  the  legibility. 

7.  8-a  to  13-u,  neither  k  nor  ^D  could  be  further  modified  to 
represent  the  consonant  difthoug  qu  ikto),  so  another  charac- 
ter, th  with  the  curve  downward,  was  taken,  it  being  in  the 
same  direction  as  k  and  not  used  in  any  modification  of  the  th. 
This  hooked  character  is  halved  to  imply  d  and  t,  lengthened 
to  imply  dr  and  tr,  shaded  (12-8  to  13-e)  to  imply  a  following 
r,  and  the  hook  enlarged  to  imply  a  following  ],  tho  in  the  lat- 
ter case  the  large-hooked  character  is  usually  made  with  the 
curve  upward,  as  shown,  the  joinings  being  better  and  no  mod- 
ification of  the  tfi  requiring  this  form.  This  large-hooked 
character  is  shaded  for  qrl,  13-n.  14-a  to  u  show  a  large-hook- 
ed f  for  prf.  and  15-a  to  u  show  a  large-hooked  v  for  prv. 

F'vases  in  lines  1  and  2  of  Writing  and  Keading  Exercise,  sllowl/la»^  added 
to  comparative  adjectives,  only,  by  a  small  Iiook  on  the  rigiit  or  upperside. 

KEY  TO  IiESSON  24. 

1.  Example  temporary  important  importance  longer  ade- 

quate exquisite  equivocal  equivalent  equity. 

2.  Relinquish  dwell  between  twig  twit  twice  twist  twine 

(twain)  twins  twitch. 

3.  Angel  enjoy  enjoyment  enjoin  (engine)  engineer  unjust  in- 

justice ingenuity  ingenious  injudicious. 

4.  Pungent  plunge  sponge   expunge  cringe  coinage  dingy 

dungeon  derange  tinge. 

5.  Tangible  tangent  stingy  strange    (estrange)    estranged 

stringent  (astringent)  vengeance  avenge  revenge  fringe. 

6.  Flange  manage  manageable  management  mismanage  un- 

manageable lunge  longitude  range  arrange. 

7.  Arrangement  disarrange  orange  syringe  hinge  unhinge 

change  changed  unchangeable  exchange. 

8.  Quibble  quake  quack  quick  quicksilver  quicker  (quaker) 

quicklj  quietly  quoth  quiver  (quaver). 

9.  Quaff  quash  quizzing  quest  qualm  queen  quench  quinine 

quondam  quantity. 

10.  Quilt  queer  query  (quarry)  quart  q[uote  quota  quit  quite 

quiet  quietus. 

11.  Quitclaim   quaint   (acquaint)    acquainted    acquaintance 

equip   equipage    acquisitive    acquittal    acquiesce   be- 
queathe. 

12.  Bequest  obsequies  squeamish  squander  eloquent  soliloquy 

requisite  perquisite  quire  (choir  acquire)  acquirement. 

13.  Require  square  (esquire)  quarter  equal  quality  (equality) 

qualify  unequal  unqualified  squalid  quarrel. 

14.  Proof  profit  profitable  proficient  preface  prof  ess  profound 

profile  prefer  reproof. 

15.  Prove  provoke  providence  provide  private  previous  pre- 

vent prevail  privilege  deprive. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  ISS 


LESSON  25. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  18. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  19  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Dot  dote  adroit  taut  (taught)  tight  veto  pivot  velvet  re- 
vert revolt  captivate  preservative  divert  oft  aft  thrift  aloft 
outfit  fitful  afoot  foot-path  footstep  graft  forfeit  shift  theft 
pamphlet  uplift  raft  frighten  frightful  fleet  flat. 

2.  Bushed  abashed  upshot  pushed  propitiate  expatiate  ex- 
cruciating depreciate  cashed  crushed  dashed  vitiate  finished 
nourished  nauseate  substantiate  enunciate  satiate  balance- 
sheet  rushed  washed  sate  soot  epithet  pathetic  sympathetic 
officiate  shorten  shortly  shorter  thoughtless  forethought. 

3.  Climate  tomato  mismate  animate  permeate  metaphysics 
mat  smite  mute  mutable  affirmative  legitimate  illegitimate 
amalgamate  problematical  sumptuous  systematically  system 
atize  mitigate  dogmatic  diplomatic  manumit  pneumatic. 

4.  Bank-note  naught  nut  tonight  finite  fortnight  donate 
procrabtinate  fascinate  exuberant  accent  identical  talent 
student  fanatic  fantastic  frontage  flint  fluent  defiant  definite 
salient  silent  stagnant  covenant  lunatic  lenient  vaccinate 
slant  rant  resonant  retentive  recently  pursuant  unwarranta- 
ble walnut  giant  adjacent  fraudulent  abstinent  obstinate  ar- 
rant unrelenting  personate  unostentatious  saint  sententious. 

5.  Elate  palliate  affiliate  belittle  ballet  allot  assault  outlet 
ballot-box  gas-light  absolutely  dissolute  pollute  exult  exalt 
polite  enlighten  salute  dilute  litigate  toilet  afloat. 

6.  Perforate  first-rate  exhilarate  irritable  parrot  puritanic 
opportune  pertinacious  pertinacity  overrate  retinue  reticent 
reticence  ratify  writing  upright  outright  artificial  artisan 
artful  vertical  avert  subvert  pervert  outskirt  curtain  forti- 
tude theoretical  smart  ascertain  courteous  uncharitable  un- 
wittingly witticism  eye-witness  weighty  outwit  fluctuate. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

7.  The  prefix  com  is  a  light  dash  made  in  the  direction  of  k 
or  r.  2-a  to  5-n  show  com  written  in  the  direction  of  k:  5-o-r 
show  com  written  in  the  direction  of  r,  downward;  5-s  to  6-n, 
in  the  direction  of  r,  upward,  and  6-o  to  7-o  show  how  the 
compound  prefixes  accmn,  discom,  encum,  noncom  and  recmn  are 
written. 

8.  Con,  meaning  the  same  as  com  and  not  being  used  before 
the  same  letters,  is  expressed  by  the  same  light  dash  without 
danger  of  confusion,  y-r  to  10-s  show  con  written  in  the  di- 
rection of  A"  10-u  to  13-a  show  con  written  in  the  direction  of 
r,  downward;  13-c  to  u  show  con  written  upward,  and  14-a  to  s 
show  how  the  compound  prefixes  discon,  uncon,  miscon,  recon 


m  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

and  econ  are  written,  the  prefix  taking  either  of  the  three  di- 
rections that  will  make  the  best  joining-. 

9.  14-u  to  15-c  show  how  the  prefix  contn  is  written  and 
15-e  to  n  show  how  crmtra  is  written.  These  prefixes  are  com- 
posed of  con  and  the  vowel  which  occurs  in  the  prefix  written 
on  its  end  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 

10,  15-o-r-s  show  how  the  prefix  magni  is  written  and  15-u 
shows  the  form  of  the  prefix  magna,  these  prefixes  being  com- 
posed of  the  letter  »i  ending  with  the  vowel  which  occurs  in 
the  prefix  written  in  the  form  of  a  small  hook. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  25. 

1.  Company  accomplish  circumstance  continue  convenient 

convenience  conspicuous  consecutive  consequence  econ- 
omy. 

2.  Combat  combatant  combustion  combine   comt.'ned  cum' 

bersome  compete  compute  compact  competitive. 

3.  Competitor  competent  compose  composed  compound  com 

panion  compensate  composure  comprise  compare. 

4.  Comparatively  compel  comply  complete  completely  com- 

plicate compliment  (complement)  complain  complained 
(complaint)  commit. 

5.  Committee  comfort    command    commander    commercial 

commerce  commodious  commodity  common  common- 
sense. 

6.  Comment  commend  communicate  community  commence 

commencement  accompany  accompaniment  accommo- 
date discommode. 

7.  Discomfiture  discomfort  encumbrance  uncomfortable  non- 

combatant  noncommittal  recommend  Congress  conquer 
(concur)  concrete. 

8.  Conclude  conclusive  controversy  contrast  control  converse 

convert  confer  conference  confirm. 

9.  Confront  conflict  conscious  conscience  conceal  conspire 

consequently  consider  construct  concise. 

10.  Consist  consistent  consume  consummate  conciliate  (consu- 

late) consult  conservative  concern  concerned  concave. 

11.  Connect  conduct  conductor  condemn  continuance  content 

(contend)  contest  contain  contempt  contemplate. 

12.  Convey  convict  convince  (conveyance)  confide  confidence 

confident  confuse  conform  confine  confess. 

13.  Confound  concede  constant  constitute  consign  consignee 

consignment  consignor  consigned  consent. 

14.  Discontinue  discontinuance  discontent  unconscious  mis- 

construe reconcile  economical  economize  political-econ- 
omy contribute. 

15.  Contributor  contrive  contraband  contract  contractor  con- 

trary magnitude  magnify  magnificent  magnet. 


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. — iCommonloM       Jl(lUi^ouf  ea/iitii to>tC^  Stock Comhantf 
hlfitUcotiveniejtt  \C«/itnhutoi^ nejli-    Unnis  opinion. 


^  ^/^-^  ^^^ 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAXD.  127 

LESSON  26. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  19. 

Write  the  following-  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  20  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Abode  abide  obeyed  obedience  badly  bedside  bed-time 
bedroom  broad-gauge  broadside  forbid  mobbed  embody  mor- 
bid abroad  bread  (bred)  breadth  sea-board  labored  bled  cabled 
doubled  enabled  labeled  rebuild  rebuilding  troubled  bridewell 
stupidity  rapidity  repaid  spade  jeopardize  peopled  post-paid 
explode  dry-goods  begged  dogged  lugged  rigged  jagged  bri- 
gade renegade  safeguard  disregard  gradually  gladly  languid 
kidnap  decadence  naked  screwed  accrued  sacred  crudity 
credible  credulous  tickled  tackled  blockade  corrode  viewed 
powed  void  paved  pervade  waved  (waived)  loved  lived  unavoid- 
able vivid  unreserved  food  fed. 

2.  Maiden  midnight  medical  medicine  mad  mediate  media- 
tor meditate  remedial  medicinal  formidable  reformed  gum- 
med boomed  palmed  calmed  doomed  deemed  teemed  (teamed) 
timed  timid  seemed  (seamed)  alarmed  roamed  resumed  ru- 
mored roomed  warmed  hemmed  dismayed  mood  amidst  tamed 
ashamed  owned  bandage  disband  bondage  brand  coined  ex- 
pand feigned  ascend  ascendency  sandwich  thousand  landlord 
round  ruined  earned  ironed  renowned  wind  (wined)  wound. 

3.  Ailed  oiled  gild  (guild)  coiled  toiled  field  sealed  (ceiled) 
sailed  mailed  mild  nailed  reeled  mislead  laudable  overload  ap- 
palled failed  fold  eldest  unrivaled  unruffled. 

4.  Hardy  rude  (rood)  aired  dared  deride  attired  towered 
forehead  orchard  redeem  raid  red  (read)  erred  arrayed  ardu- 
ous ardent  radiant  ridiculous  readil}"^  riddance  radiance  rid- 
ing redundance  redound  ordain  absurd  absurdity  blizzard  par- 
don poured  (pored)  periodical  parade  geared  garden  gardener 
coward  cordage  feared  fired  cheered  charred  billiards  vine- 
yard yard-stick  weed  wedding  widow  wooden  headache  head- 
ing headway  childhood  persuade  dissuade. 

5.  Bead  (beat  beet}  abed  (abet)  bide  (bite)  brood  (brute  bruit) 
pad  (pat)  pod  (pot)  plead  (pleat)  plod  (plot)  plied  (plight)  spied 
(spite)  goad  (goat)  greed  (greet)  cawed  (caught)  kid  (kit)  cud 
(cut)  cod  (cot)  clod  (clot)  tide  (tied  tight)  trod  (trot)  Fred  (fret) 
shod  (shot)  seed  (cede  seat)  sawed  (sought)  sod  (sot)  sued  (suit) 
thread  (threat)  Swede  (sweet  suite). 


m  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

EXPLANATION  OP  PRINCIPLES, 

6.  The  letter  m  is  used  for  the  prefix  im,  3-c  to  6-r,  except 
when  im  is  followed  by  m,  in  which  case  we  write  the  vowel  i 
^short)  and  one  vi,  6-s  to  7-e. 

7.  The  prefix  in  is  represented  by  the  vowel  i  (short),  the 
same  as  the  word-sign  in,  7-i  to  14-c. 

8.  14-e  to  15-a,  d  is  omitted  from  the  prefix  ad,  before  v. 

9.  15-i  to  u,  tr  with  the  circle  on  the  upper  or  under  side,  as 
more  convenient  in  joining,  is  used  for  the  prefix  trans. 

KET  TO  LESSON  26. 

1.  Iniquity  inclusive  indig"nant  indulgence  indispensable  in- 

debted independent  individual  integrity  intoxicate. 

2.  Intelligence  investigate  influence  inspect  inward  influen- 

tial insolvency  immediate  immediately  impertinence. 

3.  Immortal  imbibe  impecunious  impudent  impudence  impe- 

tus impotent  impotence  imperfect  impartial. 

4.  Impatient  impose  imposing  impostor  impossible  imposture 

impute  impenitent  impulse  imperil  (imperial). 
6.     Impeach  improbable  improper  impracticable  imprudent 
impart  imperative  impress  impressive  imprison. 

6.  Improve  improvement  imply  implicate  implicit  implore 

imitate  image  immigrate  immodest. 

7.  Immaterial  immense  immoral  inhabit  income  increase  in- 

corporate incredulous  incline  inclined. 

8.  Include  inclose  inclosure  inadequate  indifferent  indiffer- 

ence indefinite  inducement  indistinct  Indian. 

9.  Indeed  indictment  indulgent  (indigent)  indenture  industry 

independence  indicate  intimate  intend  (intent)  intellect. 

10.  Intolerant  interior  intelligent  superintend  invest  invest- 

ment invoice  invent  inform  infant  (infinite). 

11.  Inferior  inference  infringe  inflict  inflame  inspector  inex- 

perienced insignificance  inside  incident. 

12.  Institute  instant  instruct  instrument  insert  insist  innocent 

inasmuch  insult  inmate. 

13.  Injure  insure  insured  insurance  inquest  inquire  inherit 

incumbrance  incompetent  incomplete. 

14.  Inconsistent  reinforce  advocate  advise  advisable  advice 

advance  adverse  adversity  adversary. 

15.  Adventure  advertise  advertisement  transpire  transport 

transact  transfer  transgress  transmit  translate. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  ISl 


LESSON  27. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  20. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  21  and  preceding  Lessons: 

J.  Blend  abandoned  pendant  pendulum  append  appendix  ap- 
pendage dependent  depends  despondent  stipend  stupendous 
expend  resplendent  tendency  attending  extending  secondly 
secondary  offend  friendliness  tremendous  discerned  boundary 
boundless  kindred  mindful  unbounded  superabundance  pro- 
pound groundless  grounded  aground  background  foreground 
astounding  sounding  soundness  soundly  respondent  abscond 
reprimand  outstanding  standard  withstand  restrained. 

2.  Absorbent  turbulent  jubilant  sapient  suppliant  repent- 
ant unrepentant  repents  serpent  printing  ill-spent  well-spent 
plentiful  plaintive  spontaneous  participant  identify  identity 
dental  expedient  miscreant  supplicant  obedient  accidental 
evidently  verdant  provident  diffident  non-resident  anteced- 
ents potent  retentive  protestant  distant  persistent  omniscient 
fervent  relevant  patiently  transient  assailant  gallant  authen- 
tic rental  parent  uncurrent  diligent  urgently  sergeant  enchant 
countenance  accounting  accountable  discountenance  reluc- 
tantly subsequently  frequently  surmount  tantamount  ada- 
mant dormant  rudiment  re-appoint  belligerent  romantic. 

3.  Abasement  debasement  escapement  reshipment  elope- 
ment temperament  deportment  augment  segment  misgovern- 
ment  predicament  enactment  sediment  testament  enlistment 
misstatement  detriment  maltreatment  pavement  achieve- 
ment defacement  foment  fulfillment  fundamental  punishment 
nourishment  refreshment  easement  cement  memento  momen- 
tum momentous  momentary  merriment  firmament  armament 
abandonment  aggrandizement  adornment  tenement  atone- 
ment attainment  refinement  renouncement  annulment  align- 
ment enlightenment  discernment  environment  ointment  sen- 
timent presentment  resentment  embezzlement  ailment  allot- 
ment lament  enlargement  raiment  preferment  retirement 
disbursement  re-imbursement  embarrassment  re-enforcement 
embellishment  torment  enrollment  abridgement  disparage- 
ment engagement  encouragement  discouragement  lodgment 
regiment  detachment  enrichment. 


ISg  BUSINESS  SHOHTHAND. 

KXPL.ANATION  OP  PRINCIPLES. 

4.  In  this  system  it  is  the  practice  to  express  the  termina- 
tion s/ui  by  writin<r  the  vowel  which  immediately  precedes 
the  sfin,  and  omittinjj  the  shn.  Thruout  this  Lesson  all  the 
words  end  with  a  implying  that  shn  follows— «/twi. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  27. 

li  Population  application  occupation  specifications  examin- 
ation org-anization  classification  conversation  intoxica- 
tion justification. 

2.  Taxation  demonstration  liquidation  importation  simplifi- 

cation approximation  explanation  alienation  certifica- 
tion generation. 

3.  Publication  probation  (approbation)  corroboration  delib- 

eration vibration  liberation  celebration  patience  dissi- 
pation representation. 

4.  Operation  co-operation  corporation  separation  inspira- 

tion appropriation  participation  anticipation  accepta- 
tion expectation  (expiation). 

5.  Desperation  expiration  exportation  exploration  multipli- 

cation stipulation  congregation  corrugation  significa- 
tion instigation 

6.  Immigration  mitigation  navigation   inauguration  nega- 

tion interrogation  obligation  delegation  allegation  liti- 
gation. 

7.  Regulation  irrigation  subjugation  complication  specula- 

tion implication  occasion  dedication  vacation   (voca- 
tion) avocation. 

8.  Identification  confiscation  modification  qualification  re- 

laxation annexation   vindication  communication  loca- 
tion allocation. 

9.  Falsification  education  creation  decoration   calculation 

declaration  circulation  indication  accommodation  du- 
ration. 

10.  Foundation  consideration  continuation  notation  reputa- 

tion invitation  station  hesitation  illustration  solicita- 
tion. 

11.  Administration  registration   excavation  cultivation  ele- 

vation privation  observation  preservation  appreciation 
association. 

12.  Denunciation  civilization  equalization  capitalization  com- 

pensation sensation  proclamation  formation  informa- 
tion estimation. 

13.  Moderation  nation  combination  resignation  destination 

nomination  determination  discrimination  imagination 
presentation. 

14.  Recommendation  alteration  violation  consolation  (concil- 

iation) desolation  accumulation  ration  arbitration  as- 
piration preparation. 

15.  Deterioration  toleration   variation   transportation   rela- 

tion realization  demoralization  legislation  generaliza- 
tion quotation. 


b    2w 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  135 

LESSON  28. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  21. 

Write  the  following'  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  22  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Bitter  battery  rebutter  debater  blotter  betterment  re- 
peater preternatural  patronize  patronage  separator  petrify 
putrid  patriot  patriotism  pattern  spatter. 

2.  Navigator  derogatory  glitter  regulator  bigotry  counter- 
part countersink  countermand  crater  decorator  creator  ca- 
ter educator  cauterize  contradictory  victorious  factor  male- 
factor benefactor  manufactory  scatter  protector  reflector 
rectory  instructor  cutter  criterion  clatter  clutter  calculator. 

3.  Mediator  daughter  editor  creditor  detrimental  laudatory 
traitor  straighter  testator  testatrix  agitator  tighter  tutor 
orator  laboratory  rotary  retrospect  retrieve  retrench  reiter- 
ate retroact  barter  porter  deserter  importer  waiter  water- 
power  water-course  water-works  water-main  water-proof  em- 
broider recorder  ardor  disorder  rudder  rider  border  harder. 

4.  Thereafter  swifter  fetter  fraternal  cultivator  shutter 
depositor  visitor  eastern  suitor  blister  pastor  plaster  prepos- 
terous catastrophe  caster  (castor)  cluster  master  muster  pay- 
master minister  monster  ministry  monastery. 

5.  Motor  ammeter  premature  prematurely  barometer  ma- 
terialist materialize  materialism  matrimonial  maternal  me- 
tropolis metropolitan  prompter  promoter  gas-meter  diameter 
tempter  smatter  symmetry  tormenter  mortar  amateur  ele- 
mentary quarter  quarter-master. 

6.  Entertainment  enterprise  nutriment  nutritious  notoriety 
entirely  printer  planter  splinter  grantor  eccentric  frontier 
volunteer  lantern  winter  hunter  interpreter  interrogate  in- 
terested literal  literary  flatter  slaughter  shelter  paltry. 

7.  Fodder  shudder  cedar  cider  murderous  moderator  under- 
bid underpinning  underground  undertaken  undertone  under- 
score misunderstand  undermine  suspender  provender  founder 
foundry  engender  sunder  asunder  thunder  surrender. 

8.  Motherly  mother-in-law  motherless  smoother  lather  nor- 
thern southern  southerly  furthermore  misanthropy. 


EXPLANATION  OF   PRINCIPLES. 


9.  This  Lesson  further  illustrates  the  method  of  expressing 
shn.,  2-c  to  5-c  show  the  way  hhn,  izhn  are  written— the  vowel 
i  (short),  usually  in  the  form  of  a  hook,  on  the  end  of  the  pre- 
ceding consonant.  5-a-c,  acquisition,  requisition,  are  written 
irregularly  to  secure  more  facile  outlines.     5-e  to  r  show  how 


136  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

ooshn,  oozhn  are  written,  and  5-s  to  6-e  show  how  ewshn  is  writ- 
ten, the  singrle-stroke  vowel  f)0  being  preferred  where  it  will 
join.  6  -i  shows  how  autian  is  written,  6-in.  to  u  show  how  oshn, 
ozhn  are  written,  7-a  to  m  show  how  ashn  is  written,  and  7-11 
to  s  show  how  eeshn,  eezhn  are  written. 

10.  When  there  is  no  vowel  immediately  before  the  shn,  or 
the  vowel  will  not  join  readily,  to  imply  the  shn,  then  .s/ui  is 
expressed  by  means  of  a  large  hook  on  the  right  or  upper  side 
of  straight  consonants  and  inside  of  curves,  7-u  to  12-i. 

11.  A  large  hook  on  the  upper  side  of  d,  t  and./,  at  the  end, 
expresses  a  following  kskn,  12-m  to  13-u. 

12.  The  letters  hi  are  used  for  the  termination  hility,  14-a-Ti. 

13.  The  termination  ship  is  represented  by  s/i,  15-a  to  u. 

KEY  TO  LESSON  28. 

1.  Proportion  inspection  description   inscription   situation 

perfection  satisfaction  machine  recognition  valuation. 

2.  Inflation  ambition  exhibition  suspicion  commission  collis- 

ion addition  condition  expedition  petition. 

3.  Competition  partition  politician  superstition  electrician 

division  provision  position  opposition  composition. 

4.  Deposition  imposition  proposition    disposition  precision 

decision  omission  submission  permission  admission. 

5.  Acquisition  requisition  contribution  confusion  profusion 

pollution  resolution  revolution  prosecution  persecution. 

6.  Execution  destitution  constitution  caution  explosion  com- 

motion devotion  motion  promotion  notion. 

7.  Passion  compassion  dispassionate  fashion  fashionable  com- 

pletion accretion  secretion  adhesion  objection. 

8.  Subjection  option  corruption  adoption  deception  excep- 

tion reception  interruption  impression  suppression. 

9.  Expression  progression  transgression  action  transaction 

connection  discussion  section  correction  collection. 

10.  Affection  friction  (fraction)  reflection  discretion  excur- 

sion election  selection  possession  exemption  redemption. 

11.  Suspension  attention  intention  convention  mention  sanc- 

tion distinction  junction  injunction  portion. 

12.  Exertion  assertion  extortion  distortion  seduction  produc- 

tion reduction  introduction  jurisdiction  contradiction. 

13.  Direction  attraction  protection  retraction  obstruction  ex- 

traction destruction  construction  instruction  projection. 

14.  Ability  possibility  plausibility  responsibility  respectabil- 

ity susceptibility  capability  credibility  accountability 
liability. 

15.  Membership  secretaryship  clerkship  courtship  fellowship 

receivership  friendship  township  citizenship  relation- 
ship. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  139 


LESSON  29. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  22. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
Illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  23  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Albumen  acumen  vermin  regimen  calumny  alimony  cer- 
emony omnibus  amenable  omnipotent  monopolize  monopolist 
monogamy  monogram  demoniac  monomaniac  almanac  mne- 
monics monied  mandatory  mundane  mendacity  promenade 
lemonade  emanate  minutely  recriminate  dominate  dissemi- 
nate effeminate  eliminate  illuminate  fulminate  germinate 
ruminate  laminated  solemnity  sermon  meaning  means  menu. 

2.  Manifesto  manifestly  manifold  munificence  maneuver 
meanwhile  solemnize  sermonize  menace  ominous  bituminous 
ignominious  sanctimonious  luminous  aluminous  voluminous 
reminiscence  reminiscent  necromancy  clemency  monthly  som- 
nambulist monument  aluminum  remnant  terminal  criminality 
nominally  womanly  womanliness  seminary  monarch  miniature 
brakeman  penman  postman  countryman  milkman  freeman 
brakemen  penmen  postmen  countrymen  milkmen  freemen 
freshman  tradesman  seedsman  statesman  kinsman  townsman 
freshmen  tradesmen  seedsmen  statesmen  kinsmen  townsmen 
seaman  madman  foreman  clergyman  journeyman  juryman, 
seamen  madmen  foremen  clergymen  journeymen  jurymen. 

3.  Lengthen  lengthened  uncertainty  whenever  whensoever 
whence  north-western  south-western  unquestionable  unques- 
tioned unquestioning  cross-questioned  questioner  obtainable 
opinionated  beginning  turns  returnable  returns  manufactur- 
ing manufactured  recline  reclined  declined 

4.  Medallion  battalion  millionaire  pavilion  vermilion  valiant 
reunion  fortunate  unfortunately  misfortune.  Wording  re- 
warding by-word  pass-word  catch-word  eastward  westward 
northward  southward  leeward  windward  watchword   forward 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

5.  No  new  principles  of  writing  or  abbreviation  are  intro- 
duced in  this  Lesson,  but  some  of  those  already  presented  are 
applied  in  the  formation  of  names  of  towns,  cities,  railroad 
points,  etc.     Names  of  persons  and  places  should  be  so  fully 


UO  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

written  that  there  shall  be  no  uncertainty  or  guess-work  in 
reading.  Writers  of  this  system  do  not  need  to  use  longhand 
at  all  in  any  kind  of  writing  unless  it  is  as  an  aid  in  memoriz- 
ing peculiarly  or  uncommonly  spelled  names.  Frequently  oc- 
curring names  may  be  abbreviated  as  freely  as  other  words, 
in  ordinary  work,  but  in  correspondence,  records,  etc.,  for  an- 
other to  read,  all  words  should  be  so, fully  written  as  to  be  un- 
equivocal. ' .-    . 

KHY  TO  LESSON  29. 

1.  Albany    Albion    Alexandria    Alton    Ashland     Arlington 

Atchison  Auburn  Augusta  Austin. 

2.  Baltimore    Bangor    Batavia    Bellaire    Beloit    Belvidere 

Bennington  Berlin  Bethlehem  Bismarck. 

3.  Bloomington   Boston  Bristol  Brooklyn   Burlington  Cam- 

bridge  Cairo  Charleston  Chicago  Cincinnati. 

4.  Cleveland  Columbus    Council   Bluffs    Clinton    Davenport 

Denver  Des  Moines  Detroit   Duluth   El  Paso. 

5.  Elgin  Fall  River  Fargo  Florence  Fond  du  Lac  Fort  Scott 

Fort  Wayne  Fort  Worth  Franklin  Free  port. 

6.  Fulton  Galveston  Geneva  Gettysburg  Glasgow  Galesburg 

Grand  Rapids  Green  Bay  Halifax  Hanover. 

7.  Harrisburg  Havana  Hartford    Helena  Hebron  Houston 

Hudson  Hyde  Park   Indianapolis  Iowa  City. 

8.  Jackson  .Jamestown  Jefferson  Jersey  City  Joliet  Kansas 

City   Keokuk   Key  West  Kingston  Knoxville. 

9.  La  Crosse  Lafayette   Lawrence   Leadville   Leavenworth 

Lebanon  Louisville  Lexington  Lisbon  Lincoln. 

10.  Little  Rock  Lockport  Los  Angeles  Madison  Manchester 

Memphis  Milwaukee  Minneapolis  Nashville  New  Orleans 

11.  Newport   Niagara  Falls  Oakland  Ogden  Oswego  Ottawa 

Omaha  Palestine   Paris  Paterson. 

12.  Peoria  Peru  Philadelphia  Pittsburg  Plymouth  Portland 

Portsmouth   Princeton  Quincy  Raleigh, 

13.  Richmond    Rockford    Sacramento    St.  Joseph    St.  Louis 

St.  Paul  Salem   Salt  Lake   San  Diego  San  Francisco. 

14.  Santa  Fe  Saratoga  Springfield  Stillwater  Syracuse  Toledo 

Topeka  Toronto  Trenton  Tucson. 

15.  Utica  Vicksburg  Warsaw  Wilmington  West  Point  Wheel- 

ing Windsor  Winchester  Winona  Worcester. 


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<i9  Uuihd  states  1^   /'nst  flahortalBank 

c^       *  „      of  Cfm.      X^^^^^Quarhr  6tchon. 

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BUSINESS  SHOBTHAND.  14s 

LESSON  30. 

SUPPLEMENTARY   EXERCISE  23. 

Write  the  following-  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
•Jlustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  24  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Dwig-ht  dwindle  dwarf  boudoir  tweed  twaddle  tweezers 
twinkle  twill  twilight  twirl  twitter. 

2.  Angelic  enjoyable  steam-engine  fire-eng-ine  engineering 
ungenerous  injudiciously  pungency  sponged  grange  tinged 
strangely  estrangement  revengeful  singe  managed  misman- 
agement lozenge  longevity  ranged  arranged  disarrangement 
changeable  exchanged  exchangeable. 

3.  Quip  quicksand  quackery  quietude  quashed  quizzical 
quartet  equable  equipment  equidistant  aqueduct  equinox 
equanimity  aquatic  obloquy  ubiquity  obsequious  earthquake 
colloquy  squaw  squat  squabble  squad  squeak  squash  squeeze 
sequence  squint  propinquity  vanquish  eloquence  loquacious 
requital  prerequisite. 

4.  Acquires  acquired  quarantine  quorum  querulous  squirm 
required  requirement  aquarium  Quail  quell  equally  equilib- 
rium qualified  qualifiedly  equalize  unequally  tranquillity  tran- 
quilize  squeal  squally  squalor  colloquial  disqualified.  Quar- 
rels quarrelsome  quarreling  squirrel. 

5.  Prefix  profitably  unprofitable  prophetic  prophecy  proph- 
esy proficiency  profane  profanity  profoundly  profligate  pre- 
ferment preferable  preference  preferential  fire-proof.  Dis- 
prove reprove  provokingly  provident  providential  depraved 
deprived  depravity  privateer  proviso  privacy  previously  prov- 
ince provincial  prevalence  proverbial  prevaricate. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PRINCIPLES. 

6.  No  new  principles  of  writing  or  abbreviation  are  intro- 
duced in  this  Lesson,  but  those  already  presented  are  used  in 
writing  names  of  days  and  months,  of  states  and  countries  and 
of  express  and  railroad  companies.  In  most  of  the  names  of 
railroad  and  express  companies  only  initials  are  given,  as  being 
sufficiently  definite,  because  of  frequent  occurrence,  in  ordin- 
ary work.  When  initials  are  used  in  the  notes  and  the  fully 
spelled  out  name  must  appear  in  the  transcript,  this  may  be 
indicated  by  underscoring  the  initials.    Care  should  also  be 


Uk  BUSINESS  SHORTHAND. 

taken  to  correctl}'  express  the  corporate  name,  whether  a 
railroad  or  a  railway  company. 

KEY  TO  I.i:SSON  30. 

1.  Sunday  Monday  Tuesday    Wednesday   Thursday  Friday 

Saturday  January  February  March. 

2.  April  May  June  July  August  September  October  Novem- 

ber December  New-year's-day. 

3.  Alabama  Alaska  Arizona  Arkansas  Connecticut  Califor- 

nia Colorado  Delaware  Florida  Georgia. 

4.  Illinois  Indiana  Indian  Territory  Idaho  Iowa  Kansas  Ken- 

.  tucky  Louisiana  Maine  Massachusetts. 

5.  Michigan  Missouri  Mississippi  Montana  Minnesota  Mary- 

land New  Hampshire  New  York  New  Jersey  New  Mexico. 

6.  Nebraska  Nevada  North  Carolina  North  Dakota  Ohio  Or- 

egon Oklahoma  Pennsylvania  Rhode  Island  So.  Dakota. 

7.  South  Carolina  Tennessee  Texas  Utah  Virginia  Vermont 

Wyoming  Washington  West  Virginia  Wisconsin. 

8.  North  America  South  America  Central  America  Canada 

Newfoundland  Nova  Scotia  New  Brunswick  Ontario 
Quebec  New  England. 

9.  Mexico  Manitoba  Cuba  Hayti  Porto  Rico  Philippines  Ha- 

waii Japan  China  Australia. 

10.  Adams  Express,  Adams  Express  Company;  American  Ex- 

press, Am.  Ex.  Co.;  National. Express,  Nat'l  Ex.  Co.; 
Northern  Pacific  Express,  N.  P.  Ex.  Co.; Pacific  Express, 
Pac.  Ex.  Co. 

11.  United  States  Express,  U.  S.  Ex.  Co.;  Wells  Fargo  &  Go's 

Express,  Dom.  Ex.  Co.,  Southern  Express,  S'n  Ex.  Co.; 
Great  Northern  Express,  G'tN.  Ex.  Co.;  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  Postal  Telegraph  Company. 

12.  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.,    B.  &  O.  R.  R.,    B.  &  A.  R.  R.,    B.  &  M. 

R.  R.,    Can.  Pac.  Ry,,     Ches.  &  O.  Ry.,     C.  &  A.  R.  R., 

C.  &  G.  T.  Ry.,    C.  &  N-W.  Ry.,    C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R. 

13.  C.  M.  &  St.  P.  Ry.,     C.  R.  I.  &  P.  Ry.,     D.  L.  &  W.  R.  R, 

D.  &  H.  R.  R.,  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  Erie  R.  R.,  G.  N.  Ry., 
I.  C.  R.  R.,    L.  S.  &  M.  S.  Ry.,    Lehigh  Valley  R.  R. 

14.  L.  &  N.  R.  R.,  M.  C.  R.  R.,    N.  Y.  &  N.  E.  R.  R.,    N.  Y.  C. 

&  H.  R.  R.  R.,  N.  Y.  N.  H.  &  H.  R.  R.,  N.  P.  Ry.,  O.  R. 
&  N.  Co.,  P.  M.  S.  S.  Co.,  Penna.  Co.,  Penna.  R.  R. 

15.  P.  &  Fi.  Ry.,  P.  W.  &  B.  R.  R.  Plant  System,  P.  P.  C.  Co., 

.  S.  P  Co.,  T.  &  P.  Ry.,  U.  P.  Ry.,  W.  P.  C  Co.,  Wabash 
R.  R  ,  Wis.  Cen.  R.  R. 


Mr 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  147 

SUrPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  24. 

Write  the  following^  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  25  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Combative  combustible  compactly  compactness  compe- 
tence compositor  composer  component  competing  compatible 
comparison  compress  compressing  compromise  comparative 
compartment  compelled  complex  complexity  complicate  com- 
plicity completeness  complains  compliance  compliment  (com- 
plement) complimentary  complacent  (complaisant)  compla- 
cency compulsory  committed  committal  commute  comforta- 
ble comforting  comforter  commiserate  commissary  commem- 
orate comrade  commandant  commandment.  Comedy  com- 
monly commonwealth  commenced  commencing  commensur- 
ately  communicated  communist  communism  commentaries 
commentator  commending  commendable  commendatory. 

2.  Accomplished  accomplishment  accomplice  decomposed 
discomposure  encumber  encumbered  unencumbered  encom- 
passed uncomfortable  uncompromising  unaccomplished  non- 
compliance recommittal  recompense  accommodating  unac- 
commodating uncommon  recommending  recommended  recom- 
menced circumvent  circumscribed  circumference  circumstan- 
tial circumspectly  circumnavigate. 

3. Connubial  congregate  congratulate  concourse  concurred 
(conquered)  concurrence  concurrent  concordant  conical  con- 
clusively concluded  concluding  condole  controller  (comptrol- 
ler) conversing  conversant  convulse  convulsive  convalescent 
confirmative  confirmatory  consciously  consciousness  conscien- 
tious conscientiousness  connoisseur  concealment  console  con- 
solatory conspiracy  conspirator  conscript  consecrate  consid- 
erable considerate  construe  constrain  constrained  (constraint) 
conceivable  conciseh'  consistently  consistency  consumed  con- 
sumptive consul  consolidate  conciliatory  conserve  concert 
consort  congenial  congeal  conjugal  congested  conjecture  con- 
jure conquest. 

4.  Condemned  condense  condescend  condone  (condign)  con- 
duce conducive  contaminate  contemptible  contemporaneous 
contiguous  contagion  continent  continuity  continually  contin- 
gent contingency  contour  contumely  contumacy  contentment 
contented  (contended)  convene  conveniently  confidential  con- 
federate confiscate  confinement  conference  conceited  constit- 
uent constituency  constituents  constabulary  constantly. 


BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  149 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  25. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  26  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Disconcerted  disconsolate  disconnected  unconcerned  un- 
conquerable unconscionable  unconsciously  unconsciousness  la- 
conically irreconcilable  reconnoiter  reconsider  reconnaissance 
economized  economist.  Contributory  contrived  contrivance 
contravene  contraries.  Magnificence  magniloquently  mag- 
nanimity magnanimous  magnetism  magnetic  magnesium. 

2.  Imbue  imbecile  impudently  impotent  impoverish  impinge 
superimpose  imposed  impost  impassive  impassively  impene- 
trable imponderable  impanel  impale  impulsive  impure  impair 
impurity  imperishable  imperious  impertinent  impeachment 
impede  impediment  impetuous  impending  impound  impropri- 
ety impregnable  imprudence  importune  importunity  impervi- 
ous impartiality  impressively  impressible  imperceptible  im- 
prisonment impersonate  impersonal  imperatively  importunate 
imagine  imaginary  improvise  reimbursement. 

3.  Immigrant  immovable  immemorial  immorality  immerse 
immolate  immensely  imminent  immanent  immunity  imma- 
ture immaturity  immoderately  immeasurable. 

4.  Inborn  inebriate  inbred  inappropriate  inappreciable  in- 
operative ingot  inexact  inexhaustible  inexorable  ingratiate 
ingress  ingredient  ingrate  ingratitude  inaugural  incandes- 
cent incase  inexcusable  inextricable  inaccessible  inaccuracy 
inaccurate  iniquitous  inactive  incorporated  incorrigible  incur 
incurable  incredible  incalculable  including  inclemency  inau- 
dible indefatigable  indefensible  induce  indisposed  indiscreet 
indiscriminate  indecent  indemnified  indemnity  indomitable 
indent  indolent  indigenous  indulgently  indebtedness  inde- 
pendently individuality  individually  intuitive  intestate  intem- 
perate intimacy  intimately  intimidate  intense  intensity  intel- 
lectual intolerable  intelligible  interment  intrepid  interrogate 
introduce  intrench  intrenchment  intrust  intrinsic  invariably 
invaluable  invoke  invade  (inveighed)  invalidate  invite  involve 
invisible  inventor  inventory  inefficient  infuse  infest  infect 
disinfect  informal  misinformed  infamy  infamous  inoffensive 
Infer  infernal  inferiority  infirm  inflexible  injured  inestimable 
insomuch  inasmuch  insubordinate  incipient  inspire  inexperi- 
ence insignificant  coincide  instead  instantly  instalment. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  151 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  26. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  27  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Instance  instinct  insufficient  incessant  instanter  insensi- 
ble incentive  incendiary  insolent  ineligible  inquiry  incumbent 
inconsiderate  inconsiderable  inconstant  inconstancy. 

2.  Advocacy  advisement  advisory  advancement  adventure 
advent  adversely.  Transpose  transparent  transcribe  tran- 
script transit  transitory  transfoi'm  transformed  transom. 

3.  Impatience  emancipation  misrepresentation  adaptation 
reparation  exasperation  abrogation  conflagration  occasion- 
ally occasions  abdication  supplication  revocation  suffocation 
verification  gratification  unification  mortification  nullifica- 
tion ratification  altercation  consecration  desecration  recrea- 
tion miscalculation. 

4.  Repudiation  dilapidation  depredation  degradation  inval- 
idation radiation  reconsideration  computation  deputation  im- 
putation commutation  interpretation  refutation  citation  sta- 
tionary (stationery)  attestation  detestation  visitation  devas- 
tation manifestation  molestation  resuscitation  prostration 
imitation  meditation  consultation  exultation  irritr.tion  agi- 
tation adulteration  perpetration  penetration  mutilation  ven- 
tilation retaliation  discontinuation. 

5.  Evasion  abVjreviation  starvation  reservation  federation 
depreciation  renunciation  Christianization  authorization  re- 
organization disorganization  colonization  polarization  solem- 
nization cessation  elicitation  felicitation  restoration  an- 
nexation relaxation  immoderation  ar  :lamation  exclamation 
consummation  intimation  transformation  confirmation  ani- 
mation ornamentation  temptation  limitation  admiration. 

6.  Designation  inclination  donation  delineation  consterna- 
tion fascination  assassination  concentration  abomination  con- 
tamination condemnation  denomination  illumination  termi- 
nation ruination  exoneration  remuneration. 

7.  Cancellation  isolation  insulation  translation  irrational 
exaggeration  perpetuation  evacuation  fluctuation  infatua- 
tion attenuation  insinuation  tribulation  capitulation  manip- 
ulation stimulation  simulation  adulation  persuasion  dissua- 
sion dissimulation  modulation. 


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BUSINESS  SHORTHAND.  153 


SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISE  27. 

Write  the  following  words  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
illustrated  and  explained  in  Lesson  28  and  preceding  Lessons: 

1.  Abolition  abolitionist  commissions  commissioned  com- 
missioning commissioner  practitioner  additions  unconditional 
sedition  perdition  tradition  rendition  tuition  intuition  repeti- 
tion statistician  nutrition. 

2.  Vision  visionary  supervision  subdivision  revision  supposi- 
tion exposition  decomposition  indisposition  predisposition 
transposition  physician  musician  incision  indecision  mission 
emission  dismission  transmission  remission  missionary  manu- 
mission intermission  coalition  volition  apparition  derision. 

3.  Distribution  retribution  cushion  collusion  conclusion  se- 
clusion evolution  involution  revolutionary  infusion  diffusion 
suffusion  transfusion  allusion  delusion  dilution  dissolution  so- 
lution diminution  substitution  corrosion  emotion  locomotion 
notional  lotion  erosion  passionately  compassionate  impas- 
sioned old-fashioned  unfashionable  depletion  repletion  arte- 
sian lesion  cohesion. 

4.  Objectionable  unobjectionable  prescription  transcription 
conception  inception  interception  perception  eruption  disrup- 
tion absorption  oppression  compression  depression  dispropor- 
tionate aggression  congressional  digression  actionable  inac- 
tion reaction  auctioneer  complexion  recollection  dissection 
eviction  fiction  faction  infection  disinfection  putrefaction 
confectionery  infraction  affliction  infliction  deflection  exac- 
tion intersection  electioneer  erection  insurrection  resurrec- 
tion version  perversion  diversion  conversion  inversion  profes- 
sion confession  session  concession  dispossession  self-possession 
procession  accession  succession  secession. 

5.  Presumption  resumption  assumption  consumption  pen- 
sion expansion  contention  pretension  detention  distention  re- 
tention invention  intervention  contravention  prevention  dis- 
sension condescension  dimension  ammunition  admonition  pre- 
monition compulsion  expulsion  convulsion  revulsion  aspersion 
dispersion  desertion.  Abduction  deduction  dictionary  bene- 
diction detection  distraction  misconstruction  rejection. 

6.  Inability  impossibility  improbability  culpability  practic- 
ability stability  sociability  durability.  Suretyship  guardian- 
ship ownership  partnership  worship  generalship  hardship. 


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